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Cross River
Geomorphological mapping of River Bed using ground penetrating radar: A case study of Calabar River, Nigeria
Akinwale, Rotimi P. (Mountain Top University) | Akinwale, Nkiru R. (Rockmode Geosciences) | Emmanuel, Adeniran (KDF Konsult Nig Ltd) | Abe, Seun (National Institute of Marine and Oceanography (NIOMR)) | Ruth, Faleye (National Institute of Marine and Oceanography (NIOMR))
ABSTRACT Ground Penetrating Radar was deployed on part of Calabar River, Nigeria in order to delineate the geomorphology of the river and its implication on a proposed jetty for offloading fuel to a tank farm that is hinterland. Shielded antenna frequency of 250MHz was deployed on a boat and transmission was carried out in time. The high reflection observable beneath the water body is associated to the river bed. The width of the river is about 740 to 760m and the architecture of the river bed varies across its width with water depth ranging from about 0.5 to 11.8m. The geomorphology of the river bed depicts a meandering river, with the scour of the river at the western flank of the river. This implies that the western flank of the river is relatively unstable due to the scouring effect of the river. The scour region is about 7 to 11.8m deep over a width of about 220m. Coincidentally, the proposed jetty falls on the more stable eastern flank. Other subsurface features delineated include possible infill and sand dunes. Considering the existing water depth needed for proper bay of the ships, the extent of the jetty from the shoreline was recommended on the generated bathymetry map. Presentation Date: Tuesday, October 16, 2018 Start Time: 1:50:00 PM Location: Poster Station 4 Presentation Type: Poster
SEG-2018-2998515
architecture, calabar river, case study, eastern flank, estimates of resource in place, flank, geomorphological mapping, geomorphology, GPR section, ground penetrating radar, investigation, jetty, reserves evaluation, Reservoir Characterization, resource in place estimate, river, river bed, seg international exposition, Upstream Oil & Gas, water depth, western flank
Geophysics:
- Geophysics > Electromagnetic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (0.30)
SPE Member Abstract This paper describes what constitute an Effective Communications System for a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan. It discusses the system available in Nigeria tor the oil exploration and producing companies, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and the only oil spill response cooperative, the Clean Nigeria Associates (CNA). The Emergency Communications System which the companies had in place for some time, but is no longer functioning because of bureacreatic problems, is mentioned. The paper also problems, is mentioned. The paper also mentioned the need to integrate the various separate systems already in use to provide effective communication for proper oil spill response. It recognises the need for support from the Ministry of Communications and the two government agencies, NITEL and NET which provide telephone services in Nigeria. A provide telephone services in Nigeria. A proposed Effective Communications System for proposed Effective Communications System for Nigeria is described. Introduction Nigeria is a major oil producing country located in West Africa. It occupies an area of about 361,000sq. miles (924,000 sq km), and its' population is estimated at over 110 million people. Oil production, which started in 1958, increased to about 2.3 million barrels of oil per day in 1974. Average crude oil production was 1.8 million Barrels per day in 1990. Oil exploration and production have principally been performed in the central and principally been performed in the central and eastern coastal regions of the country, and the adjacent offshore regions (Figure 1). Some exploratory activities are now going on in part of the northern region. The oil producing areas are mainly riverine areas with producing areas are mainly riverine areas with mangrove forests, mud flats, swamps, marshes and numerous nearby villages. Production facilities which include flow stations, treatment plant-s, tank farms and flares are linked by interconnecting pipelines (Figure 2). The need for equipment and materials to respond to oil spillage that could occur from the activities of the oil companies in Nigeria was realised in late 1970s, and by 1980/1981 each oil operating company had its own stockpile of oil spill control equipment and materials to respond to spills from its facilities. In 1981 the companies also realised that an oil spill control cooperative was needed to respond to major spills and complement the existing oil spill response capability in the country. Hence the formation of Clean Nigeria Associates (CNA) which currently has its oil spill control equipment and materials stockpiled at strategic locations in Warri, Port Harcourt, Kaduna and Calabar, which are close to the major oil facilities (Figure 2). An effective communications system is essential to immediate response and proper management of resources utilised in combating oil spills. In Nigeria where public telecommunications are not well developed, each oil operating company has built up its communications system to handle its own routine operations and emergencies that could arise. P. 713
Country:
Industry:
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > Africa Government > Nigeria Government (0.91)
SPE Disciplines: Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Oil and chemical spills (1.00)
Abstract The hazard associated with abnormal formation pressures are of great concern to operating companies in the oil industry worldwide. As an effort to alleviate this problem in the Niger Delta, a spread of overpressures as they occur in the basin are shown in a map of the area. The table from which the map was produced contain the values of the top of overpressures obtained from shale resistivity, acoustic and resistivity plots against true vertical depth. The depth to the top of overpressures from the more than 230 wells studied, range from 6,500ft along the shelf, to 15,000ft at the middle belt and 16,000ft at the west-belt of die Niger Delta Basin Complex. Shale resistivity ratios and shale transit time differences obtained from normal and observed (abnormally high pressured.) resistivity's and transit times respectively, have been used in conjunction with the fluid pressure gradient, to generate the prediction curves. Comparison is made between the predicted formation pressures using the predicted curves and actual measured pressures. The standard deviation for the resistivity method is ±0.626% psi/ft. (or about ±63 psi per 10,000ft.) and the acoustic method is ±2.058% psi/ft. (or about ±200 psi/ft. per 10,000ft.) Using data from previously published papers, correlating equations for predicting formation fluid pressure gradient are presented for some other major producing areas. References and illustrations at end of paper. Introduction Operators involved with the exploration, drilling and production operations, are more and more frequently confronted with complications associated, with overpressured (abnormally high fluid pressured) formations. This is found to be true in me Niger Delta Basin area of Nigeria. Figure 1 is a location map of the Niger Delta Basin. Nigeria occupies an area of about 370,000 square miles, with the Niger Delta Basin area being the only major oil and gas productive region. Three main areas of Basin Complex have been mapped in Nigeria. These are the West African Massif (eastern end), the Northern Nigerian Massif and the Eastern Nigeria Massif. These Basins and Troughs taken together with onshore part of the Niger Delta Complex, occupy about 178,000 square miles, about half the total area of Nigeria. The Cenozoic Niger Delta Complex area today occupies around 30,000 square miles of the Southern Nigerian Sedimentary basin onshore. The total complex (onshore-offshore area) must exceed 100,000 square miles. Review Of Geology Of The Niger Delta Details of the geology of the Niger Delta has been discussed in details by several authors. This coastal sedimentary basin originated in the early Cretaceous period as an X-shaped depression oriented NE-SW and NW-SE, and it is defined by a set of older meganestone elements which were stable during the Cenozoic. These acoustic elements include the Benin Flank to the northwest, the Cretaceous Benue Trough to the north, and the Calabar Frank to the east. An extensive alternating sequence of sand/shale deltaic complex covering over 7.50 miles in thickness was deposited within this active depression.
abnormal pressure, basin complex, complex reservoir, delta basin, gradient, high pressure high temperature, HPHT, log analysis, Niger Delta Basin, niger delta basin area, Nigeria, nigerian massif, overpressure, petroleum engineer paper, Petroleum Society, prediction, Reservoir Characterization, shale, structural geology, Upstream Oil & Gas, well logging
Geologic Time:
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic > Cretaceous (0.75)
- Phanerozoic > Cenozoic (0.55)
Oilfield Places:
- Africa > Nigeria > Niger Delta > Niger Delta Basin (0.99)
- Africa > Cameroon > Akata Formation (0.99)
- Africa > Nigeria > Gulf of Guinea > Niger Delta > Niger Delta Basin > OML 95 > Delta Field (0.98)
- Africa > Nigeria > Gulf of Guinea > Niger Delta > Niger Delta Basin > OML 49 > Delta Field (0.98)
SPE Disciplines:
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Open hole/cased hole log analysis (0.84)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (0.69)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > HP/HT reservoirs (0.55)
INTRODUCTION On the 27th January 1986, the Antan (FPSO VI) tanker based floating production, storage and offloading system went into operation to produce crude oil from the Nigerian offshore fields, Adanga and Akam. This paper gives a description of the overall system and details the experience and operational problems encountered during the first year of operation in which some 9 Millions barrels of crude oil have been produced. An aerial view of the installed FPSO is shown in Fig. 1. SYSTEM DESCRI PTION The offshore reservoirs of Akam, Adanga and Ebughu, with a total estimated recoverable reserve of 50 million barrels, are situated in the Nigerian offshore block OPL98, approximately 45 miles S. W. of the port of Calabar, adjacent to the Nigeria-Cameroon borders. Ashland Oil (Nigeria) are the operators of this block under a production sharing contract with the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC). The three fields are in water depths of between36 ft and 100 ft. Nine slot well protector platforms were used for the appraisal and development drilling from a mat supported jack-up rig. The original field development proposal was to install production facilities on these well protector platforms and to pipeline the stabilised oil to a new shipping terminal onshore. However, this route was found to involve high capital costs and after further studies it was determined that a permanently moored FPSO, using a converted second-hand trading tanker would give the most technically acceptable and economic solution. The well protector platforms have the first stage of process separation on them to remove the bulk of the gas and any free water before the partially stabilised oil was pipelined to the FPSO. Some of the produced gas is used for fuel or gaslifting and the rest is flared. This arrangement, however, reduces the amount of gas being separated on the FPSO to below that required to fuel the ship's boiler. Therefore, part of the separated gas on the Adanga platform is reinjected back into the pipeline to the FPSO to supply that requirement. Fig 2 shows the geographical layout of the three fields and the Antan (FPSO VI) terminal. The 12", 10" and 6" pipelines from the Adanga, Akam and Ebughu platforms respectively terminate at pig traps and manifolding mounted on the tanker mooring manifold platform. This platform serves as the base for the soft yoke system permanently mooring the FPSO VI vessel. On the manifold platform the Adanga and Akam crude streams are blended before passing through the fluid swivel and then through a 6" h. p. flexible hose to the FPSO vessel. The heavier Ebughu crude stream is not yet produced but when it is, it will be segregated and flowed through a separate swivel path and 6" hose to the FPSO. Two similar 40,000 b/d process trains stabilise and dehydrate the segregated crude streams and deliver export quality crude to the FPSO storage tanks. Three phase separators are followed by electrostatic heater treaters and then two phase stabilisers as shown in the simplified process flow diagram, Fig. 3.
arrangement, corrugated plate interceptor, crude, Field Offshore Nigeria, field offshore nigeria otc 5491, field platform, floating production storage & offloading, floating production storage and offloading, floating production system, FPSO, fpso handling, FPSO vessel, manufacturer, month operational experience, operation, operational experience, pipeline, platform, shutdown, subsea system, tanker, Upstream Oil & Gas
Country:
- Africa > Nigeria > Gulf of Guinea > Bight of Bonny > Niger Delta (0.34)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
- Africa > Nigeria > Cross River > Calabar (0.24)
Industry:
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > Africa Government > Nigeria Government (0.54)
Oilfield Places:
- Africa > Nigeria > Gulf of Guinea > Bight of Bonny > Niger Delta > Niger Delta Basin > OML 123 > Adanga Field (0.94)
- Africa > Nigeria > Gulf of Guinea > Bight of Bonny > Niger Delta > Niger Delta Basin > OML 123 > Ebughu Field > Agbada Formation (0.89)
- Africa > Nigeria > Gulf of Guinea > Bight of Bonny > Niger Delta > Niger Delta Basin > OML 123 > Akam Field (0.89)
SPE Disciplines: Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Offshore Facilities and Subsea Systems > Floating production systems (1.00)
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