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Abstract Wellbore instability is a major preoccupation during drilling operations and is highly dependent of the physiochemical features of the drilling mud. The hydrophilic clays are used in making drilling mud as they provide extensive viscosity and gel strength, and other rheological properties important for optimum drilling mud performance. However, the segregation of the suspended particles of the once optimum mud to create mud cake against the wellbore formation leads to phases imbalance in the mud system, degrading the physiochemical characteristics of the now worn-out mud after several cycling in and out of the well. Although it is crucial to consider the influence of bottomhole conditions in mud rheological alteration, it is necessary to highlight the direct correlation of most mud physiochemical features with the swelling index of the mud. Therefore, optimization of drilling mud is still up to date mostly about swelling control of the mud thus solid-liquid balancing. Overtime, research papers addressing drilling mud enhancement transitioned from mechanical means such as Loss Circulation Materials (LCM) to chemical additives including polymers which as economically profitable and have swelling abilities. Polyvinyl alcohol one most desirable polymers for future drilling fluid designing as it has proved to influence mud rheology and cake filtration positively. Therefore, this study is an attempt to assess the impact of polyvinyl alcohol on wellbore isolation of a water-based drilling mud. The experiment included two types of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH): Non-ionic PVOH and Cationic PVOH. Each PVOH was added to a set of 3 samples at concentrations 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.%. An additional sample with no polymer was used as a reference sample. The samples were each subjected to 5h of static pressurized filtration at atmospheric temperature. After which Spectral analysis where performed, and Permeability estimated using Darcy's Law. The results show significant influence on Polyvinyl Alcohol on mud phases distribution. Major dehydration of samples was observed as the sample without PVOH recorded the highest filtrate production while the samples with Cationic, Non-Ionic, and Conventional PVOH had average reduction of 21%,38%, and 43% respectively. The mud cake permeability of samples drastically drops at the least concentration of PVOH with a noticeable difference in permeability despite having the same PVOH concentrations. Those differences are attributed to PVOH-specific structural compositions. This study provides evidence of Polyvinyl Alcohol being responsible for improving mud thermal stability while helping any industry applying drilling activities to expand the range of polymer types that can be used to attain the desired drilling mud for a particular formation.
Abstract Deep-seabed mud containing a high concentration of rare-earth elements, including yttrium, has been discovered in the western North Pacific Ocean near Minami-Torishima Island, Japan. However, production of the rare-earth rich mud is challenging because of its location at water depths of over 6000 m. We propose a new subsea lifting system for deep-seabed rare-earth rich mud. The lifting system consists of a small diameter marine riser and an inner work string. At the lower end of the work string, a hydraulic jet pump is equipped so that rare-earth rich mud slurry can be easily sucked from a sea-bottom mud collecting device and lifted through the riser annulus. The jet pump is driven with power fluid pumped from a floating mining vessel. To evaluate the suction performance of the jet pump and the flow assurance in the annulus, numerical simulations were performed for various kinds of power fluid rates and jet pump configurations. The simulation results suggested that the proposed lifting system could, in principle, lift slurry containing rare-earth rich mud continuously to a surface floating vessel. Also, the hydraulic jet pump mechanism could be optimized to maximize the suction caused by the Venturi depressurization effect and to achieve a commercially feasible mud lifting rate of 3500 ton/day. For a pump configuration with three pairs of diffusers and suction lines, a drive fluid flow rate of 700 gal/min was found to be sufficient to meet the economic production criteria.
Kaneko, Tatsuya (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) | Inoue, Tomoya (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) | Nakagawa, Yujin (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) | Wada, Ryota (The University of Tokyo) | Miyoshi, Keisuke (Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security) | Abe, Shungo (Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security) | Kuroda, Kouhei (Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd.) | Fujita, Kazuhiro (INPEX CORPORATION)
Abstract Detection of early signs of stuck pipe incidents is crucial because of the enormous costs of recovering from the incidents. Previous studies have leaned significantly toward a physics-based or data-science approach. However, both approaches have challenges, such as the uncertainty of the physics-based model and the lack of data in the data-science approach. This study proposes a hybrid approach using physical insights and data science and discusses the possibility of early detection of stuck pipes. The proposed method comprises two steps. In the first step, a data-driven model with physical insights is trained using the historical data of the in situ well to estimate some of the drilling variables. In the second step, the risk of stuck pipe occurrence (hereafter referred to as stuck risk) is calculated based on the historical and current measured data and the estimation of the trained model. This approach is expected to overcome the limitations of the previous methods as it allows the construction of a detection model tuned to the in situ well. In the case studies, models for estimating the top drive torque and standpipe pressure were constructed. The performance of the models is discussed using actual drilling data from drilling fields, including 21 stuck incidents during drilling operations. The proposed method was first examined using short-term output. The output confirmed that the stuck risk increased shortly before the stuck incident occurred in 15 cases. This increase in stuck risk was consistent with physical considerations. Subsequently, this study examined the long-term output over several months; this was rarely done in previous studies. Few false positives were observed in several cases even within this long-term output. Additionally, several model improvements were found to have the potential to further improve its performance. The novelty of our research lies in creating a broad framework for the early sign detection of stuck pipes by using both physical insights and data science methods. The proposed hybrid approach demonstrated the potential to reduce false alarms and improve interpretability compared to previous methods. The framework is highly extensible, and further performance improvements can be expected in the future.
Summary Elemental mercury (Hg) is a common trace contaminant associated with corrosion of infrastructure impacting exploration, production, and processing of commercial hydrocarbons. Presently lacking is a model for the quantitative prediction of Hg concentration in reservoir fluids, sufficiently reliable for process engineering applications and design of mitigation strategies to ameliorate the potential risk of Hg presence. In this paper, we present a thermodynamic equilibrium mineral-based model for predicting the solubility of mercury in hydrocarbons, Hg(org), at in-situ reservoir conditions. The model is based on literature experimental data on the solubility of Hg in a mixture of alkanes, in equilibrium with Hg, H2S, O2, cinnabar (HgS), and water. As the model inputs are based on the chlorite-pyrite-H2S model, its application should primarily be limited to clastic hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs. A global data set of Hg in hydrocarbons reveals a remarkably strong association with the presence of humic coal in subsurface formations. Assuming that pure stoichiometric cinnabar (HgS) is stable at the reducing conditions typical of hydrocarbon reservoirs (i.e., aHgS = 1) results in an overestimation of Hg(org) solubility by up to three orders of magnitude relative to globally reported concentrations of mercury in natural hydrocarbons. A statistically robust match between model and observed concentrations of Hg(org) was achieved using an aHgS of 0.003, consistent with reported concentrations of Hg from pyrite (FeS2) in coals and hydrocarbon reservoirs. The model has been validated in a case study of reservoir Hg reported in the Gorgon North-1 well, North West Shelf (NWS), Australia. The dominant process of cinnabar precipitation is by oxidation, particularly in the near-surface environment where reduced Hg-bearing hydrocarbons mix with shallow oxygenated or acidic surface waters. Such processes are typical of the environments where most downhole fluid samples are collected during drilling, sampling, and cleanup of exploration and development wells. This leads to the invariable conclusion that much of the particulate mercury species, specifically HgS, collected with hydrocarbon fluid samples, are metastable with respect to the dissolved Hg(org) in hydrocarbons at reservoir conditions and should not be included in the estimation of total Hg (i.e., THg) in hydrocarbons. This hypothesis has been confirmed by an extended well test in the Minami-Nagaoka gas condensate field, where it was observed that Hg dissolved in produced water decreased to negligible levels over time, while the Hg(org) in the condensate liquid reached a stable value like what the new Hg(org) solubility model would predict for in-situ reservoir conditions.
_ Leg placement and removal are the two most critical operational modes for dynamically positioned jack-ups when working close to an offshore asset. Any positional deviation may lead to collision and damage to the asset. The industry operates with a weak link between the dynamic positioning (DP) system and the jacking system. Current DP systems operate without any sensors identifying the hydrodynamic force variations on the legs and spudcans, which vary between different leg and spudcan designs. When the spudcan is near to the sea bottom, the hydrodynamic force must be reported to avoid large positional deviations driven by the DP system. This article promotes a mechanism to measure these forces using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis to analyze the jack-up behavior, when the spudcan assembly is operating close to the sea bottom. Introduction A jack-up’s dynamic positioning (DP) control system requires minimum 23–30 minutes for the mathematical model to learn the vessel’s hydrodynamic behavior and response to the environment. Although when moving between locations, DP jack-up vessels provide time for the DP model to learn the hydrodynamic behavior, the spudcan that holds the vessel position and headings does not allow the mathematical model to learn. The residual current remains constant until the spudcan is in the seabed. As a result, the DP mathematical model-building process does not help the DP system to estimate the additional forces in the form of residual current. Soon after the spudcan detaches from the seabed, the vessel drift occurs because the vessel thrusters’ response need a rapid response of thrust and azimuth (directions). The DP system manufacturers currently use a sensorless approach to account for the hydrodynamic forces on the legs and spudcans to build a factor into the mathematical model. The jack-up DP system addresses two simultaneous forces on the legs. The leg element in the air is subject to aerodynamic effects and the leg and spudcan elements in the water are subject to hydrodynamic effects. DP systems currently use drag coefficients (Cd) to compute drag forces, however the hydrodynamic force variations during the complete lowering and raising processes are never completely considered. This weak link in the overall operation leads to positional error and is generally unrecognized by the vessel operators. The risk falls to DP officer and the jacking master to handle. The DP and jacking simultaneous operations mode (SIMOPS) may easily last between 15 and 90 minutes, depending on jacking speed, operational water depth, and field procedures, on approach to the asset. The area of operation is close to the asset, which increases the risk of collision with the asset. Most of the studies on jack-up vessels focus on impact force acting on the leg during touchdown or penetrations, such as Elkadi et al. (2014) and Kreuzer et al. (2014).
Yoshida, Nozomu (INPEX Corporation (Corresponding author)) | Shimoda, Keisuke (INPEX Corporation) | Yamamura, Keisuke (INPEX Corporation) | Fuse, Kei (INPEX Corporation) | Kaminoyama, Haruki (INPEX Corporation) | Ishigami, Yuki (INPEX Corporation) | Mhiri, Adnene (Schlumberger) | Niu, Li (Schlumberger) | Ramondenc, Pierre (Schlumberger) | Luo, Yin (Schlumberger) | Liu, Wei Qiao (Schlumberger)
Summary Acid stimulation of volcanic formations is rarely documented in the literature. A recent study however suggested its potential effectiveness through a comprehensive laboratory/modeling analysis and documented substantial permeability enhancement by dissolution of carbonate-cemented fractures in the near-wellbore area to create wormhole-like high-permeability channels. The study also presented a brief description of successful field execution, although operational details and analysis of results were not presented. This work presents in detail the field case of a multistage acidizing treatment in the Minami-Nagaoka gas field, a volcanic reservoir, and demonstrates the effectiveness of acid stimulation with 10% formic acid for productivity enhancement. The selection of a target well relies on the abundance of cemented fractures along a well. The operational design considers multiple field/well characteristics, such as low permeability; long, perforated intervals; and high-temperature conditions. Effectiveness of acid stimulation is evaluated comprehensively and justified by the integration of real-time stimulation diagnostics using distributed temperature sensing (DTS), real-time surveillance of bottomhole key parameters obtained thanks to coiled-tubing (CT) fiber-optic downhole telemetry, pre-/post-acidizing pressure buildup (PBU) tests, and production logging tool (PLT) surveys. A multistage acidizing operation was executed, after completion of a step-rate test during which a pre-acidizing DTS survey was acquired. Eight stages of 10% formic acid injection and seven stages of degradable particulate diverter placement were pumped, followed by brine displacement and a post-acidizing DTS acquisition. In all the stages, acid injection decreased the bottomhole pressure while the use of diverter increased it (by hundreds of psi), thus indicating success in acid stimulation and diversion, respectively. The stimulation almost doubled the gas flow rate just after the operation, and 10 months after the operation, the gas rate is still 1.5 times higher than before intervening. Pre-/post-acidizing PBU tests suggested a substantial reduction of the skin from 1.50 to −1.91. DTS surveying identified one major and three minor fluid-intake intervals through stimulation/diversion, and integrated analysis with PLTs revealed that the substantial improvement in gas rate was primarily coming from a narrow zone located within the major intake interval, where resistive fractures are abundant. The current case demonstrates the effectiveness of 10% formic acid for the stimulation of rocks with carbonate-cemented fractures, which was also proposed by the former study. It also shows that there is still room for further optimization in the operational design. This paper provides insights on acid stimulation in volcanic rocks and highlights its effectiveness through the analysis of a series of data sets. Readers may obtain knowledge on acidizing design, the evaluation of its effectiveness, and the interpretation of results, with lessons learned through job execution. The study will also serve as a reference to evaluate the potential of acid stimulation for the development of other volcanic reservoirs.
Kobayashi, H. (The University of Tokyo (Corresponding author)) | Goto, A. (Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd. (JAPEX)) | Feng, X. (The University of Tokyo) | Uruma, K. (The University of Tokyo) | Momoi, Y. (The University of Tokyo) | Watanabe, S. (The University of Tokyo) | Sato, K. (The University of Tokyo) | Zhang, Y. (Tsinghua University) | Horne, R. N. (Stanford University) | Shibuya, T. (Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd. (JAPEX)) | Okano, Y. (Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd. (JAPEX))
Summary Microbial DNAbased monitoring is a promising tool for reservoir monitoring that has been used mainly for shale reservoir development. In this study, long-term microbial DNAbased monitoring was applied to the Sarukawa oil field, which has a complex reservoir structure with no practical simulation model available. Fluid samples were collected periodically from nine production wells and two injection wells from October 2019 to July 2021. DNA was extracted from the samples, and the microbial composition was analyzed by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on similarities between the microbial profiles, the samples were classified into seven clusters that corresponded closely to the original fluid type (i.e., injection or production fluid) and specific environment (e.g., geological strata or compartments). A comparative analysis of the microbial profiles suggested possible well connectivity and water breakthrough. These results demonstrate that microbial DNAbased monitoring can provide useful information for optimizing production processes (e.g., waterflooding) in mature oil fields. Introduction In oil and gas production, reservoir monitoring is vital to understanding the subsurface structures, geological conditions, and fluid flow for optimizing the field productivity. Recently, microbial community analysis has been applied to reservoir monitoring, in which microbes present in the subsurface environment and/or injection fluid are used as markers and/or tracers to gather information on the subsurface environment and to track fluid flow in the reservoir (Tayyib et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2019). In particular, microbial DNA extracted from the formation water, crude oil, drill cuttings, and injection fluid is assessed by comprehensive amplicon sequencing, most often the 16S rRNA gene as a phylogenetic marker.
_ The seakeeping of a ship is estimated precisely at design time. However, computing the performance comprehensively under all operating conditions is time-consuming. Therefore, it is effective to estimate the performance using numerical calculations and measurements in actual seas. In this paper, a self-organizing state–space model is realized based on a three-degrees-of-freedom motion equation. The state variables and parameters of the model can be estimated simultaneously. The self-organizing state–space model is updated via measurement data in real time to predict the actual phenomena by applying the ensemble Kalman filter with a Monte Carlo approximation. As a result, the prediction capability of ship motion improves, and the ship’s added mass and damping coefficients are evaluated directly through the filtering step. This paper reports on validations of the proposed method using experimental data in tank tests. Introduction In recent years, the analysis of onboard monitoring data has been attractive to researchers evaluating full-scale ship performance in actual seas (Minoura et al., 2019). This tendency depends largely on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) regulation introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships in operation. It is necessary to use new fuels, such as hydrogen and ammonia, that do not emit GHG and to develop new systems that can control the production and consumption of propulsion energy to achieve zero emissions. However, these operational costs are high. Therefore, not only hull forms and devices for energy-saving but also efficient operations with control of ship motion are required to improve fuel efficiency while ensuring safety. Short-term predictions of a ship’s responses in actual seas are important since ocean-going ships often sail in severe sea states. However, the added mass and damping coefficients of a ship vary, depending on operating conditions such as loading, and it is difficult to calculate the performance comprehensively under all conditions. Therefore, it is significant to establish a method to accurately evaluate the seakeeping of a full-scale ship in actual seas by analyzing the measurement data. For example, sequentially understanding the added mass and damping coefficients of a full-scale ship through measurement data is useful for the support of ship operation in real time. Also, if all hydrodynamic force coefficients can be identified by the analysis of measurement data of ship motion in irregular waves, the time required for conventional towing tank test can be reduced.
_ The accidental oil spill is one of the most critical disasters in coastal areas and can cause serious damage to the ecosystem and society. Oil spill spreading is a complex process involving the highly nonlinear interaction of two fluids with very different properties. In this study, the Consistent Particle Method (CPM) is enhanced by incorporating the continuum surface force model and applied to simulate oil spill spreading. Firstly, based on a circular ring case, the advantage of CPM in computing the curvature of an interface (key in simulating the interfacial tension force) is demonstrated, and the influence of the smoothing length in curvature calculation is tested as well. Secondly, the capability of the CPM model in capturing the interfacial tension force is validated by the case of two-dimensional droplet deformation. Finally, the benchmark examples, namely, oil slick spreading in a reservoir and oil spill from a damaged tank, are studied by the enhanced CPM model. The influence of adding the surface tension model in the simulation is examined. The morphological and kinematic properties of the oil spill process are discussed. Introduction The accidental oil spill is concerning in coastal management and ocean protection because such an event can cause serious water pollution and ecosystem damage. To harness oil spills and hence minimize the damaging effects, a reliable prediction of the speed and extent of oil spill spreading is of great significance. With the development of computer hardware and numerical algorithms, numerical modeling has become a promising tool in predicting the oil spill feature; yet, some challenges still exist due to density/viscosity discontinuities and large deformations of the water-oil interface. In the last two decades, the so-called particle methods have been gaining significant developments and have been demonstrated to handle the large deformation of fluid interface well (Gotoh et al., 2021; Luo et al., 2021; Vacondio et al., 2020; Zhang, Zhu,Wu, and Hu, 2022). Based on the strategy of solving fluid pressure, particle methods can be grouped into weakly-compressible and projection-based methods. The most commonly used weakly-compressible method is the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) (Bui and Nguyen, 2021; Guo et al., 2022; Kazemi and Luo, 2022; Lyu et al., 2022; Vacondio et al., 2020; Zhang, Zhu, Yu, et al., 2022). The projection-based methods include the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method (Khayyer et al., 2019; Wen et al., 2022; Zhang, Zha, et al., 2022), Incompressible SPH (Chow et al., 2022), and Consistent Particle Method (CPM) (Koh et al., 2012; Luo et al., 2019).
Banhegyi, Eliza (SSPA) | Gorgels, Simon (DIST – Politecnico di Torino and Università di Torino) | Giovannetti, Laura Marimon (SSPA) | Pezzoli, Alessandro (DIST – Politecnico di Torino and Università di Torino)
The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Sailing Competitions were held in Enoshima Bay between the 25th of July and the 4th of August 2021. The climatological and the strategical analysis of the race area for the Swedish Sailing Team was developed in the three years prior to the Olympics (Masino et al., 2021). The result of the three years' research was a tool named "Call Book" that provides strategical rules for sailors and coaches both in terms of expected ranges of wind speed and direction and also in terms of trends with explanations for each identified weather pattern. The support team was working not only on the forecast but also on the specific analysis of the weather data in the race areas as measured on the water by the Olympics organising authorities and monitored through the SAP Analytics website (SAP Sailing Analytics, 2021). Two race areas are herein taken into consideration, namely Enoshima and Zushi, where the Swedish Team athletes sailed most of the races. A statistical meta-analysis on the comparison between the forecast issued using the "Call Book" and measured data on the race areas is carried out, investigating the specific outcome of the strategy of the races with the forecasted meteorological data.