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Collaborating Authors
Zala County
Abstract Very viscous heavy crude oils are produced in South-western Hungary. To reduce the necessary pumping power and costs a water-lubricated gathering system has been built, and such a transporting system is planned. The highly viscous oil forms a cylindrical core that is surrounded and lubricated by a water armulus A simple annular-core flow model is elaborated to determine the pressure loss and holdup. Calculated results are compared to experimental data obtained from the gathering system, the deviation is smaller than 20%. Introduction The Nagylengyel oil field is located in South-western Hungary close to the city Zalaegerszeg. There are 16 separate blocks in the field from which 20x106 m3 of heavy oil have been produced up to now. The heavy crude oil is practically free of gas. Current operations are an integrated program of CO2 injection into the kartic structure of limestone and dolomite reservoirs. The produced crude oil has very adverse rheological properties thus very high pressure losses are obtained during gathering and transportation. To reduce the necessary pumping power and costs, a water-lubricated gathering and transporting system has been planned. Water-lubricated pipelining makes possible the heavy oil transport at low cost. The highly viscous oil forms a cylindrical core that is surrounded and lubricated by a water annulus. The frictional losses depend only on the water flow variables, making possible great savings in pumping pressure and power. Design and control of such a system needs a better understanding of the occurring annular-core flow. The first formulation has been made by RUSSEL&CHARLES. Later SINCLAIR developed a Reynolds number-friction factor correlation, applicable to large-diameter pipes. GOVIER&AZIZ gave a general description and analyses of the problem. The highly viscous core was treated here as a solid capsule. OLIEMANS analysed a very viscous, wavy, eccentric core drifting by a laminar annular flow, without friction factor correlation. Here we try to give a simple and applicable model to fit our field experiences extending the results to design a water lubricated heavy oil transporting pipeline. Experimental Observations The Nagylengyel crude oil has a very high Newtonian viscosity. Its density is close to the water, the crude is rich in unsaturated resinous components, thus it is a heavy oil of paraffinic/intermediate character. Properties of the oil in the individual parts of the reservoir may be different. Parameters of the different crude oils from Nagylengyel field are summarized in Table 1. The oil forms with the reservoir water a stable emulsion with a high bounded water content. This emulsion has a slightly pseudoplastic rheological behaviour. In the gathering system two-phase flow of two immiscible liquids occurs because of the increasing water cut of the wells. In the flow of two immiscible liquids different phase distributions can be observed. It seems to be possible that annular-core flow develops in most cases. The measured pressure loss is obtained as being almost independent of the oil viscosity and it found to be remarkably small in spite of the adverse rheological properties of the crude. Additionally the high density of the crude obtains a negligible buoyancy force acting the core. This is accordance to the wellknown flow pattern maps. Thus we may assume the existence of the annular-core flow pattern in the transporting pipeline too. There are many simple models to determine pressure losses for an annular-core flow. Most of them assume a rigid core drifting by the annular water flow. This oil core does not flow: its deformation is negligible. This rigid core model has been applied formerly by the authors, with satisfactory results. P. 239
adverse rheologieal property, annular-core flow, annular-core flow pattern, bitumen, complex reservoir, crude oil, daniel magyari, elemer bobok daniel magyari, enhanced recovery, equation, flow model, flow rate, heavy oil transport, lubricated pipeline, oil sand, pipe, pressure 10ss, pressure loss, reduction, Upstream Oil & Gas, viscosity
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