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Genoa
Wave energy potential offshore Apulian coasts (Italy)
Saponieri, Alessandra (Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell’Ambiente, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari) | Valentini, Nico (Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell’Ambiente, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari) | Damiani, Leonardo (Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell’Ambiente, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari) | Amoruso, Vitoantonio (Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell’Ambiente, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari)
Abstract The paper shows a preliminary analysis of the estimation of available wave energy around Apulian coasts. Recently, a wave Atlas of Italian seas has been published, displaying the yearly mean wave power, based on three-hourly wave data set collected by the Italian Wave Network. For the Apulia Region, the buoy belonging to the IWN is placed offshore Monopoli (Bari). In the present study both yearly and monthly mean wave power offshore Apulian coasts are estimated with the analysis of wave data recorded by other two wave buoys placed offshore Tremiti Islands and Taranto. Moreover the comparison between buoys recordings and other two wave data sets provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the MeteOcean group of University of Genoa (Italy) is reported.
buoy, buoy measurement, correspondence, higher value, Italy, meteocean data, Monopoli, ocean energy, offshore apulian coast, offshore tremiti island, renewable energy, significant wave height, social responsibility, sustainability, sustainable development, Taranto, taranto buoy, Tremiti Island, underestimate, wave data, wave energy, wave power
SPE Disciplines:
The evaluation of the inter-laminar shear strength in a multi layered This paper proposes a complete experimental / numerical comparison, composite laminate is one of the most difficult characteristics to assess, carried out at the Marine Structures Testing Lab of the University of since it depends on many factors including type of materials and quality Genoa, Italy, on the evaluation of the inter-laminar shear strength in of the manufacturing process. The first studies on the prediction and composite laminates typically used in the marine industry and offshore analysis of the inter-laminar shear date back to the late 60s (Hayashi, wind energy, manufactured including a non-negligible percentage of 1967). Subsequently many authors deepened these studies since 1970 voids, in order to assess its effects on the inter-laminar shear strength. The specimens originally obtained from larger panels made by preimpregnated (Pipes & Pagano, 1970). In addition, some authors modified the fabrics, were manufactured according to the ASTM assumptions underlying the classical theory of composite laminates in standard D3846-79, which is the test required by most Classification order to consider strains and stresses acting perpendicularly to the Societies for the evaluation of the inter-laminar shear strength of laminate plane. These studies were summarized and compared by composites.
air inclusion, aspect ratio, composite laminate, contact area, dimension, elliptical void, inter-laminar shear, laminate, mechanical properties, modeling strategy, notch inf, notch sup, numerical model, pre-preg specimen, shear distribution, shear strength, shear stress, specimen, Upstream Oil & Gas, void
ABSTRACT Asbestos cement (AC) piping has been used for potable water, irrigation, drainage and sewer systems for approximately 100 years. The most significant problem affecting the structural integrity of asbestos cement pipes results from the leaching of the cement mortar binder out of the pipe wall. This leaching can occur from the internal surface, depending on the chemical make-up of the water or sewage, or from the external surface, depending on the aggressiveness of the groundwater and soil conditions. This paper describes the findings of test work on AC piping samples from potable water and sewer piping that have been in service for up to 40 to 50 years, and discusses an empirical equation developed by our company to estimate the remaining service life of AC piping systems. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Asbestos cement (AC) pipe was developed in Italy approximately 100 years ago. Societa Anonima Eternit Pietra Artificiale of Genoa, Italy, combined asbestos fiber with cement to produce a reinforced pipe in the years 1906 to 1913 that could take the high pressures necessary to pump salt water up to the City of Genoa for its street flushing system. AC pipe was introduced into America in 1931 (1) and it was estimated that by 1974 there was 1.4 million miles of asbestos cement pipe in service, 200,000 miles of which were in the United States. (2~ It was also reported in 1983 that approximately 14 percent of the US watermains in 1980 were made of AC pipe. (3) AC pipe is still being manufactured and installed in many locations but the installation in North America and Europe has decreased significantly due to concern over asbestos release into the drinking water distribution systems. MANUFACTURE Asbestos cement pipe is a material made of a rapidly hardening Portland cement mixture (approximately 50 percent), silica powder (approximately 35 percent) and a mixture of relatively long and medium grade chrysotile asbestos fibers (approximately 15 percent). The asbestos fibers provide highly effective reinforcement in that they do not rust or deteriorate. Their tensile strength is high and they bond strongly with cement. Thus, asbestos cement is able to withstand up to ten times as much tensile stress as ordinary concrete. The principal method of manufacturing asbestos cement pipes is by using a lamination process invented about 1910. This process, which has been continually improved since its invention, currently exists in several differing versions depending on the intended end use of the finished product. The cement, silica and asbestos fibers are precisely weighed and then mixed with water to produce a slurry which is spread evenly on a large permeable felt conveyor belt. The conveyor belt passes over suction boxes which partially dry the mixture by drawing excess water down through the felt. The mixture remaining on the surface gradually thickens to a sheet of moist asbestos cement paste about 1 mm thick. Pipe is produced by wrapping the sheet of wet or moist asbestos cement paste onto a cylindrical spindle under controlled speed and pressure conditions. The lamination process continues until the pipe roll reaches the required thickness for the mixture used and the pipe class being fabricated. The bond between the pipe and the spindle is then broken by means of an electric discharge. The pipe and spindle are then placed in a pre-curing chamber to allow the asbestos cement to set. After the pipe has set, the spindle is withdrawn and the pipe is then brought back to the pre-curing chamber to harden completely. There are two primary types of AC pipe that have been rnanufactured: Type I -water cured; and Type II - autoclave cured. All of the AC pipe manufactured in No
AC pipe, aggressiveness index, asbestos cement pipe, calcium carbonate, calcium content, cement mortar, collection system, cross-section, diameter surface, hydraulic fracturing, Indicator, oilfield chemistry, pipe, pipe sample, piping design, piping simulation, polished cross-section, Production Chemistry, sem ed chemical analysis, service life, waste management, water management
Country:
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe > Italy > Liguria > Genoa > Genoa (0.24)
SPE Disciplines:
- Well Completion > Hydraulic Fracturing (0.68)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology (0.68)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Waste management (0.54)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Piping design and simulation (0.35)
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