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Sondrio Province
Modelling of Large Underground Cavities Reinforced By Cable-bolts In Different Geological And Geomechanical Configurations
Merrien-Soukatchoff, V. (Laboratoire de Mecanique des Terrains) | Piguet, J.R. (Laboratoire de Mecanique des Terrains) | Thibodeau, D. (Laboratoire de Mecanique des Terrains) | Wojtkowiak, F. (ANTEA, Orleans, France)
ABSTRACT: The reinforcement of large underground mining cavities is more and more realised with the help of cable boiling. Geotechnical investigations and research of appropriate modelling methods have been carried out in two european mines, using cable bolting, in order to improve the understanding of its action and to optimise its parameters. The first example is Sotiel Mine(Almagrera S.A., Spain) which is mining a polymetalic orebody in fractured hard rock, with cut-and-fill method. The second example is Brusada mine (Unitalc, Italy) which exploits a soft rock deposit (talc) by long hole open stoping method. Global models suitable for discontinuous medium as well as local models (taking into account parts of cables) have been elaborated and used for simulate the role of bolts and their interactions with the rock mass. The results give guidelines for the miners' choices. RESUME: Le renforcement des excavations minières de grandes dimensions fait de plus en plus frequemment appel au boulonnage par cables. Deux exploitations europeennes utilisant ce type de renforcement onl fait l'objet d'investigations geotechniques et d'une recherche de methodes de modelisation avec pour objectifs de mieux en comprendre le mode de fonctionnement et d'en optimiserles paramètres. Le premier exemple est celui de la mine de Sotiel (Almagrera SA, Espagne) qui exploite un gisement polymetallique de roche dure fracturee par tranches montanles remblayees. Le deuxieme exemple est celui de la mine de talc de Brusada (Unitalc. Italie) qui exploite par grandes chambres vides un gisement en contexte de roche tendre. Des modèles globaux adaptes aux milieux discontinus et des modelisations locales ont ete elabores et mis en oeuvre pour rendre compte du rôle du boulonnage et des interactions avec Ie massif rocheux. Les resultats permettent de guider I'exploitant dans ses choix. ZUZAMMENFASSUNG: Große unlererdische Hohlraßme werden immer hauefiger mil Seilankem unterstuetzr. In zwei europaischen Bergwecken, die diesen Ausbautyp massifeinsetzen, wurdenausfuehrliche geotechnische Untersuchungen und numerische Modellberechnungen Durchgefuehrt, mit dem Zweck, die Arbeitsweise dieses Ausbautyps naher zu characterisen und seine Parameter zu optimieren. Das erstebeschribene Beispiel ist das Erz-BergwerkSotiel (Almagrera A.G., Spanien). Das zweite Beispiel ist ein Kalk-Brergwerk in Brusada (Unitalc, Italien). 1. INTRODUCTION In this paper are presented the results of numerical modelling based on geotechnical investigations carried out during mining in experimental stopes of two different underground mines, to provide a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of fractured rock masses. The first mine, named Sotiel mine, is located near the village of Calañas in Andalusia, the southern province of Spain. The Almagrera S.A. company exploits a polymetallic sulp hide deposit, 950 m long, 50m wide, at adepth between 300 m to 650 m below ground surface. The orebody has a general strike oriented East-West and a dip of 45° to North. The hostrocks mostly consist of volcano-sedimentary rocks such as cinerites, tuffs and schists, A few years ago, the mining method of cut and fill leaving post-pillars was used. In this case, the rooms were distributed in two levels, 75 to 80 m high, separated by a crown pillar of 20 m thickness. In each level, the rooms were separated by barrier pillars of 36 m width. The typical mining slope is delimited by four post-pillars 8 m high, 5 m × 8,3 m, separated one another by about 11 m (figure I). These post-pillars assure the local stability of the stope roof by preventing the fall of very large blocks, due to the natural fracturing of the mineralised zone. A serious accident in 1985 led the company to use a further and systematic roof support by fully grouted cable-bolts distributed on a regular grid. In accordance with the results of the geotechnical studies, it is assumed that the roof of the stopes behaves as an assembling of rigid blocks bounded by major planes of natural discontinuities. The second exploitation, called Brusada mine, is located near the village of' Lanzada (Sondrio province) in the central Italian Alps, where the Unitalc company exploits a talc deposit. The orebody is a vein of extremely variable width (3–45 m) with a general N060° strike and a dip of 70° to the North, whose hostrock consists of serpentinite.
arc, Artificial Intelligence, cable, calculation, cohesion, different geological, discontinuity, excavation, fracture, friction angle, geomechanical configuration, geometry, machine learning, mechanical behaviour, metals & mining, modelling, orientation, pillar, reinforcement, Reservoir Characterization, rock mass, Simulation, stability, structural geology, underground cavity reinforced, Upstream Oil & Gas
SPE Disciplines:
Monitoring And Numerical Modelling of Soft-rock Mass Behaviour In a Long-hole Stoping Mine At Great Depth
Wojtkowiak, F. (ANTEA, Direction de la Geotechnique, Orloans) | Soukatchoff, V. (Ecole des Mines de Nancy) | Pella, D. (Politecnico di Torino) | Ferrero, A.M. (Politecnico di Torino) | Manfroi, I.M. (UNITALC, Brusada Mine)
ABSTRACT: The stress-change monitoring and geotechnical investigations carried out during mining in an experimental open stope of an underground talc mine located in Italy provided a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of a soft, fractured rock mass at great depth. The back-analysed behaviour at different scales using numerical modelling led to the technical and economic optimization of design and reinforcement for future stopes, which will guarantee a further improvement in stability and safety within the mine, and greater profitability of the operation as a whole. RESUME: Le suivi de l'evolution des contraintes et les investigations gc!otechniqueseffectuc!espendant l'exploitation d'un chantier minier pilote realise dans une mine souterraine de talc italienne ont permis d'ameliorer notre comprehension du comportement mecanique d'un massif de roche tendre fracturee exploite à grande profondeur. La retro-analyse de ce comportement, à differentes echelles et à I'aide de modèles numeriques,conduit à une, optimisation technico-economiqaedu dimensionnement des futures chambres et de leur renforcement garantissant à la fois la stabilite et la securite dans les chantiers et une plus grande rentabilite de l'exploitation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Aus den Beobachtungen von Spannungsvoranderungen und den geotechnischen Untersuchungen, die beim Abbau in einer Bergbauversuchsan1age in einem Untertagebau auf Talk in Italien durchgefuehrt wurden, ergab sich ein besseres Verstandnis des felsmechanischen Verhaltens eines Gebirges aus welchem klueftigen Gestein in groβer Tiefe. Die Rueckanalyse dieses Verhaltens in unterschiedlichen Maβstaben und anhand eines numerischen Modells fuehrt zur technish wirtschaftlichen Optimierung bei der Bemessung der kuenftigen Abbauraume und deren Ausbau, wodurch sowohl die Standfestigkeit und Sicherheit an den Abbauplatzen als auch ein höhere Rentabilitat fuer die Talkgewinnung gewahrleistet werden. 1 INTRODUCTION The Unitalc company exploits a talc deposit from the underground Brusada mine, near the village of Lanzada (Sondrio province) in the central Italian Alps. The orebody is a vein of extremely variable width (3–45 m), with a general N060° strike and a dip of 70° to the north, whose hostrock mostly consists of serpentinite. Like all other talc deposits in the region, this vein is a mineralized fault of very large extension. The mining method of vertical long-hole stoping is uncommon for this type of deposit, and has been chosen on environmental and economic criteria (pelizza et al., 1989). The principle is that stopes are excavated perpendicular to the vein direction, which are 35–50 m long, 6 m wide and 22 m high, separated by rib pillars of 25–30 m width. The deepest stopes, 600 m below ground surface, are backfilled with waste rock. Mining started in 1988 with a yearly talc production of about 30,000 tons. The constant preoccupation of the mine manager is to improve the profitability of this operation without endangering the safety of the mining staff and equipment. In particular to increase recovery (only about 20% at present), he examined the possibility to leave higher and wider stopes, combined with a reinforcement of the rib pillars by cable bolting. To this end, it was necessary to carry out the following works in an experimental stope: A complete geostructural and geomechanical survey of the rock mass, including field and laboratory testing. Monitoring of stress changes in the adjacent pillar during mining, using the Hydraulic Tests on Pre-existing Fractures (HTPF) method. Measuring the variation and distribution of forces acting upon cable bolts that reinforce the stope walls. Back-analysis and numerical modelling of the mined rockmass behaviour.
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