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Vrapciste
A Contribution to Knowledge of Ground Pressure
Radosavljvic, Zivorad (Beograd Civil Engineering Faculty and Collaborator of the Jaroslav Cerni Institute for Development of Water Resources) | Cakarevic, Mladen (Collaborator of the Jaroslav Cerni Institute for Development of Water Resources, Beograd, Bulevar vojvode Misica) | Colic, Bratislav (Collaborator of the Jaroslav Cerni Institute for Development of Water Resources, Beograd, Bulevar vojvode Misica)
Summary: To study systematically ground pressure phenomena, the Jaroslav Cerni Institute developed a methodology for experimental investigations «in situ» and set up a program for field investigations. In hydraulic approach and traffic tunnels numerous measures of ground pressure Intensity were taken to get data necessary to rational designing of tunnel linings. For these investigations various methods were adopted, allowing ground pressures to be measured in different directions as well as all along the extent of the cut profile. Results and conclusions drawn from field investigations so far performed show that, at the beginning, the pressure intensity very rapidly increases, and that the pressure distribution on the lining is not uniform and asymmetric. It depends on the kind of rock, the mechanical characteristics of the rock mass, the degree of structural impairment, the size of the underground openings and the stiffness of the lining. Some results indicate that the intensity of pressures orthogonal to gravity are approximately equal. It is necessary, the Authors say, to perform more numerous investigations of ground pressures «in situ» and to generalize their results to be able to establish a theoretical basis that would correspond to virtual events in determined rock types. Resume: En etudiant systematiquement les manifestations des pressions souterraines l'Institut «Jaroslav Černi» a developpe une methodologie d'investigations «in situ» et realise un programme d'investigations experimentales par prise de mesure pour l'elaboration rationnelle de projets de revêtement de tunnels. Le rapport en presente les resultats et en conclue que ces pressions augmentent très vite au commencement, que leur distribution sur le revêtement n'est ni uniforme ni symetrique, que leur intensite depend de la nature de la roche et de sa masse, du degre de ses lesions tectoniques, de l'ampleur des ouvertures souterraines et de la rigidite du revêtement. Dans certains cas l'intensite des pressions vertical et horizontal est à-peu-près egale. Il faut continuer ces investigations dans une envergure encore plus grande afin de pouvoir en generaliser les resultats et former les bases theoriques correspondant aux evènements effectifs dans les roches d'espèces determinees. Zusammenfassung: Zur systematischen Erfassung unterirdischer Druckerscheinungen hat man im Institut «Jaroslav Černi» eine Methodik fuer experimentelle Untersuchungen «in situ» ausgearbeitet. Prograrnmgemaβ wurden zahlreiche Messungen der Intensitat unterirdischer Druecke vorgenommen um Unterlagen fuer rationelle Projektierungen der Tunnelverkleidung zu erhalten. Der Bericht unterbreitet die gewonnenen Resultate und schlieβt aus denselben, daβ Anfangsintensitat mit der Zeit sehr schnell zunimmt, daβ der Charakter der Druckverteilung auf die Verkleidung ungleichförmig und unsymmetrisch ist und daβ die Intensitat von der Felsart, den mechanischen Charakteristiken der Felsmasse, dem Grad der tektonischen Beschadigung, der Gröβe der unterirdischen Öffnungen und der Steifheit der Verkleidung abhangt. Einige Resultate zeigen, daà die Druck. intensitaten in den zur Schwerkraft orthogonalen Richtungen ungefahr gleich sind. Es ist notwendig die Untersuchungen «in situ» in gröβerem Umfange vorzunehmen um die Resultate generalisieren zu können und theoretische Grundlagen zu erhalten, die den wirklichen Geschehnissen in Felsen bestimmter Art entsprechen. Introduction To construct some hydraulic and traffic structures, the necessity arose to investigate ground pressures «in situ». These investigations were carried out to obtain data on the intensity and distribution of ground pressures by the extent of the cut profile in order to determine the shape and dimensions of the lining. Under the expression «ground pressures» we understand pressures provoked by the rock mass upon the timbering or lining of an underground cut. They depend on the mechanical characteristics of the rock mass, form and dimensions of the cut, and the stiffness of the timbering or lining upon which they act. Experimental investigations of ground pressures were approached in the first place with the intention to get as complete a picture as possible of the intensity and distribution of the pressures by the size of the lining. In some cases, however, the condition was not met with that the investigations should be carried out in the full profile of the underground cut with the designed type and dimensions of the lining. For the approach tunnels of the Raven and Vrapčište Hydroelectric Power Plants, specific conditions did not permit ground pressure intensity measurements in the full profile by the flange of the heading in radial directions. In small research headings stretches with intensive ground pressures were determined visually. At these spots the longitudinal stiffenings of the timbering frames were gradually removed and the load on the timbering was measured by steam activated hydraulic jacks setting free the forces in the legs. In this way the spots of intensive pressure were selected, where the changes of pressure intensity in the course of time were observed later on. These ground pressure measurements were carried out by the method of «small hydraulic jacks» having the form of a disc. The jacks were filled with water, supplied with manometers and templates, gauged beforehand to determine their own bearing capacity and placed under the timbering.
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