Freight & Logistics Services

Selecting the Optimal Naval Ship Drainage System Design Alternative Based on Integer Linear Programming, TOPSIS, and Simple WISP Methods

Kirmizi, Mehmet (Kuasar Marin Engineering Inc.) | Karakas, Serkan (Piri Reis University, Istanbul) | Uçar, Hakan (Turkish Naval Forces Command, Design Project Office, Istanbul)

OnePetroJanuary, 2023

_ Ship design is a complex study requiring the coordination of many disciplines and accurate calculations, as well as cost considerations. Thus, ship designers have to design the naval ships that successfully fulfill the desired performance in a cost-effective manner with respect to international and national rules and regulations. In this context, finding the optimum solution for the design has been an important challenge for ship designers. Design optimization is selecting the best solution among many viable solutions based on a criterion or multicriteria and inherently coupled with the design cycle. This study presents an application of the integer linear programming and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Simple Weighted Sum Product (WISP). A design of the ship drainage system is considered as the case study for this purpose. Based on the usage and location of the ejectors and drainage pumps, four design alternatives and 12 scenarios for each alternative are proposed. The optimization problem is solved for each design alternative, and an optimal design solution among alternatives is evaluated by TOPSIS and Simple WISP methods. The similarity of the solutions from the two MCDM methods is measured by Cosine Similarity, which indicates a strong similarity. Introduction Ship design is a complex, iterative, and sophisticated process affected by a number of factors. Among these factors, the issue of cost efficiency has come to the fore along with the project method and system integration during the last century. Therefore, ship designers have to design the most cost-effective ship for a specified purpose regarding national and international rules and regulations. Within this context, the cost considerations in the design calculations of the systems onboard are as important as their accuracy and adequacy. Thus, finding the optimum solution within the given limits is challenging for ship designers, engineers, and system integrators. For this purpose, design optimization tools have been implemented in ship design.

OnePetro

doi: 10.5957/JSPD.01220003

SNAME

SNAME-JSPD-01220003

Journal of Ship Production and Design

Industry:

Transportation > Marine (1.00)
Government > Military > Navy (0.46)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (0.46)
Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.46)

SPE Disciplines: Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Artificial intelligence (1.00)

Technology: Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning > Optimization (1.00)

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Real-Time Identification of Parametric Roll

Luthy, Vivien (CMA CGM, Marseille, France / ENSAM, Paris, France) | Grinnaert, François (ENSM, Le Havre, France / IRENav, Brest, France) | Billard, Jean-Yves (Ecole Navale, Lanvéoc, France / IRENav, Brest, France) | Rapp, Jocelyn (CMA CGM, Marseille, France)

OnePetroDecember, 2022

_ The International Maritime Organization (IMO) provides criteria to assess the vulnerability of ships toward the phenomenon of parametric roll. Such long-term vulnerability assessments permit to qualify statistically the ships vulnerability regarding parametric roll. However, it does not permit to assess the risk of parametric roll in real time. Thus, researchers and private company have developed methods and software to evaluate this risk using the real-time ship motions provided by the onboard inertial unit. Those methods detect parametric roll events when it appears and warn the officer of the watch of the immediate danger. This paper presents an innovative real-time detection method and its validation. The detection method considers physical conditions required for parametric roll to appear. Especially, it considers the coupling between the roll and pitch motions. The method and its associated parametric roll alarm are entirely described. The results show that the method correctly identifies parametric roll in regular longitudinal waves and do not lead to false detection in regular beam waves. A statistical study in irregular waves based on simulated data presents very promising results with a parametric roll detection rate in head seas above 80% when heavy roll motions appear and a false detection rate in beam seas below 4%. Finally, a 2.5-day full-scale validation on a container ship provides promising results. Introduction The container ships, with typical hull shape presenting flat stern and pronounced bow flare, are especially subject to parametric roll. Operationally, several accidents which have led to the loss of containers at sea may be imputed to this phenomenon (France et al. 2003; Carmel 2006; MAIB 2020; DMAIB 2022). Following the accidents of the C11-class container ship (France et al. 2003) and of the Maersk Carolina (Carmel 2006), both due to parametric roll, insurers asked the shipowners to take measures to avoid such failure to appear (Dølhie 2006). Two solutions are rapidly developed to answer this request. The first one is developed by SeaSense and named SeaSense Monitoring (Nielsen et al. 2006).

OnePetro

doi: 10.5957/JOSR.07220021

SNAME

SNAME-JSR-07220021

Journal of Ship Research

Country:

Europe > France (1.00)
North America > United States (0.67)

Genre:

Research Report > New Finding (0.48)
Research Report > Experimental Study (0.34)

Industry:

Transportation > Marine (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping > Container Ship (0.90)

SPE Disciplines:

Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability (0.86)

Technology:

Information Technology > Architecture > Real Time Systems (1.00)
Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning > Diagnosis (0.55)

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Sloshing Phenomenon Occurring in the Foremost Two Tanks of LNG Carrier

Lee, Jeoungkyu (Seoul National University, Seoul) | Ahn, Yangjun (Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul) | Kim, Yonghwan (Seoul National University, Seoul) | Jung, Junhyung (Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.)

OnePetroDecember, 2022

_ Herein, to predict the sloshing pressure for the No. 1 and No. 2 tanks of a liquefied natural gas carrier, a series of sloshing model tests were performed and the obtained results were analyzed. By statistically approaching the experimentally measured pressure, the differences by position in each tank were analyzed. At this time, the sloshing impact pressures caused by the ship motion in various irregular sea conditions were measured. The loading conditions were tested for the full-load conditions of 95%, 80%, 70%, and 10% load for the ballast condition based on the tank height. Among the sea state conditions, the representative angle of incidence, significant wave height, and periodic conditions were chosen and the results were summarized. Notably, the sloshing impact pressures generated in the No. 1 and No. 2 tanks of different shapes and positions can be compared by simultaneously installing the two tanks on the motion platform. Introduction The sloshing phenomenon is a flow caused by the movement of the tank containing the fluid, which impacts the tank wall. Particularly, for a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier, studies on the sloshing phenomenon have been actively performed for the safety design of cargo holds because large amounts of LNG impact the tank wall due to the vessel movement. Since the sloshing phenomenon exhibits strong nonlinearity, experimental studies have been actively performed. Classification has also driven experimental analysis (American Bureau of Shipping, 2006; Bureau Veritas, 2011; Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd, 2014; Lloyd’s Register, 2009). Additionally, due to computer performance improvements, sloshing studies employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are gradually being conducted. For example, Liu and Lin (2008) developed a numerical model for the nonlinear sloshing flow in a three-dimensional rectangular tank. Yang et al. (2016) analyzed the velocity field and impact pressure by comparing the CFD and the particle image velocimetry results for a two-dimensional sloshing impact.

OnePetro

doi: 10.17736/ijope.2022.pf23

ISOPE

ISOPE-22-32-4-434

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering

Country:

Europe (0.68)
North America > United States (0.48)
Asia (0.48)

Genre:

Research Report > Experimental Study (0.86)
Research Report > New Finding (0.68)

Industry:

Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping > Tanker (0.62)

SPE Disciplines: Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)

Technology: Information Technology (1.00)

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Time-Domain 3-DOF Ship Motion Modeling by a Self-Organizing State–Space Model with Measurement Data

Hanaki, Takaaki (Osaka University, Osaka) | Minoura, Munehiko (Zhejiang University, Zhoushan)

OnePetroDecember, 2022

_ The seakeeping of a ship is estimated precisely at design time. However, computing the performance comprehensively under all operating conditions is time-consuming. Therefore, it is effective to estimate the performance using numerical calculations and measurements in actual seas. In this paper, a self-organizing state–space model is realized based on a three-degrees-of-freedom motion equation. The state variables and parameters of the model can be estimated simultaneously. The self-organizing state–space model is updated via measurement data in real time to predict the actual phenomena by applying the ensemble Kalman filter with a Monte Carlo approximation. As a result, the prediction capability of ship motion improves, and the ship’s added mass and damping coefficients are evaluated directly through the filtering step. This paper reports on validations of the proposed method using experimental data in tank tests. Introduction In recent years, the analysis of onboard monitoring data has been attractive to researchers evaluating full-scale ship performance in actual seas (Minoura et al., 2019). This tendency depends largely on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) regulation introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships in operation. It is necessary to use new fuels, such as hydrogen and ammonia, that do not emit GHG and to develop new systems that can control the production and consumption of propulsion energy to achieve zero emissions. However, these operational costs are high. Therefore, not only hull forms and devices for energy-saving but also efficient operations with control of ship motion are required to improve fuel efficiency while ensuring safety. Short-term predictions of a ship’s responses in actual seas are important since ocean-going ships often sail in severe sea states. However, the added mass and damping coefficients of a ship vary, depending on operating conditions such as loading, and it is difficult to calculate the performance comprehensively under all conditions. Therefore, it is significant to establish a method to accurately evaluate the seakeeping of a full-scale ship in actual seas by analyzing the measurement data. For example, sequentially understanding the added mass and damping coefficients of a full-scale ship through measurement data is useful for the support of ship operation in real time. Also, if all hydrodynamic force coefficients can be identified by the analysis of measurement data of ship motion in irregular waves, the time required for conventional towing tank test can be reduced.

OnePetro

doi: 10.17736/ijope.2022.ts26

ISOPE

ISOPE-22-32-4-369

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering

Country:

Europe (0.68)
Asia > Japan (0.29)

Genre: Research Report (0.34)

Industry:

Transportation > Marine (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (0.35)

SPE Disciplines:

Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (1.00)
Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Artificial intelligence (0.91)
Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (0.88)

Technology:

Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning (1.00)
Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning (1.00)

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A Machine Learning Ship’s Speed Over Ground Prediction Model and Sailing Time Control Strategy

Lang, Xiao (Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg) | Wu, Da (Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan) | Mao, Wengang (Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg)

OnePetroDecember, 2022

_ This paper proposes a machine learning–based ship speed over a ground prediction model, driven by the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. The data set is acquired from a world-sailing chemical tanker with five years of full-scale measurements. The model is trained using encountered metocean environments and ship operation profiles in two scenarios: through propeller revolutions per minute (RPM) or propulsion power. This model is further combined with the particle swarm optimization algorithm to integrate a sailing time control method. It optimizes constant RPM or power operation strategy to meet the requirements of a fixed estimated time of arrival. Introduction The uncertainty over estimated time of arrival (ETA)—that is, the expected arrival date and time of a shipment to a planned destination—is one of the main problems in the decision-making stage within the entire maritime transport chain (Valcic et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2021). This uncertainty reduces the reliability of the schedule, resulting in increased delays and decreased productivity for inland transportation (Zuidwijk and Veenstra, 2015). The ship arrival delays add to the cost of vessel operating and supply chain management, and an efficient logistic plan cannot be formulated (Vernimmen et al., 2007). Thus, it is important to accurately predict the required sailing time, and the ship speed over ground (SOG) is the most essential factor in determining the ETA (Wang et al., 2020). The inevitable ship speed decrease as a result of various weather conditions always leads ship operators to frequently revise their ETA 24 hours before arrival (Fancello et al., 2011). Reliable ship speed prediction is becoming more essential in improving marine traffic control, fleet management, and cargo handling operations (Prpić-Oršić et al., 2016).

OnePetro

doi: 10.17736/ijope.2022.jc876

ISOPE

ISOPE-22-32-4-386

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering

Country:

Europe > Sweden (0.28)
Asia > China (0.28)
North America > United States (0.28)

Industry:

Transportation > Marine (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (0.49)

SPE Disciplines: Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Artificial intelligence (1.00)

Technology:

Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning > Agents (1.00)
Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning > Evolutionary Systems (1.00)

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An Advanced Prediction Model for Underwater Noise Emissions of Ships

Daniel, Johanna M. (DW-ShipConsult) | Schuster, Max G. (DW-ShipConsult) | Andresen-Paulsen, Gyde (Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg) | Holz, Florian (DW-ShipConsult) | Wittekind, Kurt (DW-ShipConsult) | Ehlers, Sören (DLR Institute of Maritime Energy Systems, Geesthacht)

OnePetroNovember, 2022

_ The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between design and operational ship parameters with respect to radiated underwater noise and to develop a semiempirical noise prediction model that includes the dominant noise contributors present on merchant vessels. The model is based on Dietrich Wittekind’s prediction model and on underwater noise measurements with related Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Additionally, the noise contribution of a two-stroke engine is investigated using structure-borne noise measurements and Finite Element Methods (FEM). The updated model can be used to assess the expected underwater noise emissions induced by ship traffic in a specific sea area based on AIS data and as a basis to produce noise maps. In conclusion, the prediction model will work as a useful tool to help understanding the noise contributors, their sensitivity on ships speed, and their impact in a defined environment. Introduction When discussing emissions in shipping, the focus is mainly reduced to greenhouse gases and pollutants. In the meantime, ships have been recognized as the most common source of anthropogenic noise emission in the oceans (Tournadre 2014). The dominant components of shipping noise are propeller cavitation, as well as the vibration of the hull caused by the power plant (Zou et al. 2003; Wittekind 2014). An increase in ship traffic and larger ship sizes are responsible for the steady rise in ambient noise, especially at low frequencies (Andrew et al. 2002). Several studies identified an increase of noise by 3 dB per decade. In other words, noise emissions double every 10 years as observed between the 1960s and 1990s (Andrew et al. 2002).

OnePetro

doi: 10.5957/JSPD.06210017

SNAME

SNAME-JSPD-06210017

Journal of Ship Production and Design

Country:

North America > United States (0.67)
Europe > Germany (0.46)

Genre: Research Report > New Finding (0.46)

Industry:

Transportation > Marine (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (1.00)
Government (1.00)
Energy (1.00)

SPE Disciplines:

Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (1.00)
Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (0.93)

Technology: Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning (0.46)

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Decarbonization of the Cargo Shipping Fleet

Chalfant, Julie (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge) | Kite-Powell, Hauke (Marsoft, Inc., Boston) | Bonfiglio, Luca (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge) | Chryssostomidis, Chryssostomos (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge)

OnePetroNovember, 2022

Abstract In an effort to combat climate change, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious goals for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, with a target of at least a 50% reduction of total annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon, from 2008 levels by 2050, with a further goal of zero GHG emissions within this century. Numerous technologies are under development to address these new goals, but the implementation of these new technologies is quite uncertain. Cargo ship owners face the challenge of determining how to best employ and possibly upgrade the current fleet to meet interim goals while awaiting the maturation of future technologies. This article describes a methodology and computer code that provide a rapid assessment of the impact of various fuel-saving technologies on an existing cargo ship’s fuel consumption, thus providing the ship owner fundamental data indicating which upgrades and practices warrant further, more detailed investigation. Background According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 1.78 ppm per year on average since 1980, and the increase is accelerating. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the increase was around 1.5–1.6 ppm per year, but the growth rate has averaged 2.4 ppm per year since 2010 (Tans et al. 2020). Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere adversely impact the environment in many ways. For example, increased levels of carbon dioxide dissolving in sea water increase the acidity of the oceans; as pH levels drop, organisms like oysters and corals have trouble maintaining their hard shells and skeletons made from calcium carbonate. If pH levels get too low, the calcium carbonate structures begin dissolving (NOAA 2020). Another example can be found in the NOAA Arctic Report Card in which each year shows an Arctic that is becoming warmer, less frozen, and more fragile; the 2020 report includes data on high land-surface air temperatures, low snow extent, low minimum sea-ice extent, and extreme wildfires (Thoman et al. 2020).

OnePetro

doi: 10.5957/JSPD.10210026

SNAME

SNAME-JSPD-10210026

Journal of Ship Production and Design

Country:

Europe (1.00)
North America > United States > Massachusetts (0.46)

Genre:

Research Report (0.47)
Overview > Innovation (0.34)

Industry:

Transportation > Marine (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (1.00)
Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (1.00)

SPE Disciplines:

Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (1.00)
Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (1.00)

Technology: Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning (0.68)

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Abatement of Operational Discharges from Offshore Vessels and Structures in an Emerging Zero Spill Regime

Bassey, Bassey Okon (Cranfield University) | Ana, Ekpenyong Anakari (University of Calabar)

OnePetroOctober, 2022

Abstract The petroleum industry must satisfy energy demand while safeguarding the environment as global interest in sustainability rises and more zero discharge regimes emerge. Operational discharges from offshore vessels and structures cause untold damage to ecosystems but rarely make news headlines as these acts are mostly perpetuated in the open sea, at night and impacts are less visible due to advection. Oil spill response is complex, expensive and long-lasting. Chemical releases are more difficult to clean and the environment is seldom completely restored, making prevention more desirable. This paper was informed by this scenario and identified gaps in the literature, which mostly reports accidental spills. The nature, sources, causes and effects of operational discharges are highlighted; existing preventive and remediation measures are critically evaluated, and the imperatives of recent regulatory changes for process safety are examined. Live cases are cited from across the globe to assess typical solutions and/or penalties deployed. Relevant local, regional and international regulations are juxtaposed with developments in design, operating procedures and asset integrity measures for selected case studies. Since the ratification of MARPOL 73/78 by certain countries, subsequent decades have seen the continual operation of tankers without segregated ballast tanks, double hulls and other spill prevention design features at major oil loading and unloading hubs across the Gulf of Guinea. Several discharges go unreported and the penalties are barely enforced by regulators. Taking a cue from mature zero discharge regimes such as Norway, discharge prevention measures would be economically viable, address environmental considerations and enhance the corporate image of operators. In a comparative analysis of the value of energy production, social and environmental concerns often indicate great disparity. Creating a good balance on the economic scale will possibly show a different and more realistic perspective on the cost of production. This paper advocates a proactive and preventative, rather than the reactive and curative approach typical of most previous studies. Implementation of recommended engineering and administrative controls are hoped to aid the industry's drives towards zero harm, self-regulation and social license-to-operate in a world apprehensive about oil and gas. They will strengthen regulators in developing economies with heavy dependence on hydrocarbons and poor enforcement, where operators often overlook regulations.

OnePetro

doi: 10.2118/210879-MS

SPE

SPE-210879-MS

ADIPEC

accidental discharge, cargo, cargo tank, chemical spill, Discharge, FPSO, freight & logistics services, Offshore Technology Conference, offshore vessel, operational discharge, operator, pollution, ship, slop tank, structure, tank, tanker, Upstream Oil & Gas, Wikipedia

Country:

Africa (0.88)
Europe > Norway (0.67)
North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
North America > United States > California (0.28)

Industry:

Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (1.00)
Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)

Oilfield Places:

North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Midland Basin > Good Field (0.99)
Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea (0.89)
Europe > Norway > North Sea (0.89)
(3 more...)

SPE Disciplines:

Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Safety (1.00)
Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Oil and chemical spills (1.00)

Technology: Information Technology (0.70)

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Successful Delivery of a Breakthrough Implementation of Novel Well Testing Operation Philosophy: Open Sea Extended Well Testing Operation with Temporary Tanker for Crude Evacuation and Storage for Field S Appraisal Project in Malaysia

Hamid, S. Abd (PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd) | Abdullah, S. (Vantage Energy Group) | Chan, W. (PETRONAS Carigali) | Mokhtar, Z. (PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd)

OnePetroOctober, 2022

Abstract Reservoir connectivity and productivity uncertainty can be reduced through the application of an extended well testing (EWT). In the open sea condition, this approach project incurs huge monetary commitment and to reduce this, recovery from produced hydrocarbon is necessary. Conventional open sea well testing is unable to recover the hydrocarbon as no storage facility is made ready. This paper presents the success story of a first application of open sea EWT operation in Malaysia in which it has proved the novel concept of an open sea EWT with the inclusion of Temporary Storage Tanker (TST) to complement the crude storage need, ability to recover and markets the production volume significantly improved the economic value. In addition, this novel method eliminates the practice of hazardous crude flaring activity, damaging emission from flaring was eliminated as well as significantly reduce the HSSE risk exposure.

OnePetro

doi: 10.2118/211373-MS

SPE

SPE-211373-MS

ADIPEC

Country: Asia > Malaysia (0.70)

Industry:

Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping > Tanker (0.47)

SPE Disciplines: Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Drillstem/well testing (1.00)

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VOC Recovery System for Crude Oil Tanker Loading

Kamel, Merhane (ADNOC Onshore) | Al Shehhi, Khalid (ADNOC L&S)

OnePetroOctober, 2022

Abstract During offshore and onshore loading of crude oil tankers, huge volumes of valuable Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are emitted to the atmosphere maybe up to 330 ton per Very Large Crude Oil Carrier (VLCC). When these emissions are liquified, they will be equal to hundreds of barrels of oil. They are a substantial source of financial loss and destructive environmental impact. The objective of this paper is to introduce a Vapor Recovery System concept which can limit & recover the emissions of VOC up to 90% at the Fujairah Terminal. All loading and unloading of oil on offshore, on Floating Storage Offloading Unit (FSOs) and Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSOs), on onshore storage tanks and terminals, and on shuttle tankers contribute to significant emissions of VOCs. It is possible to install Vapor Recovery Unit (VRU) on each of these applications to capture and recover VOCs. There are two generic approaches to VOC recovery, known as ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ VOC recovery technology. The Active Vapor Recovery Unit VRU systems typically include a compression step followed by condensation, absorption and/or adsorption. The Passive VRU systems use vapor-balanced loading/unloading with VOC as blanket gas for storage vessels. The VOCs are a combination of Methane and Non-Methane components which evaporate from crude oil and are typically vented into the atmosphere during routine ship loading activities, causing emissions of harmful vapor to the environment. These vapors also represent a fire/explosion hazard. The methodology will be to apply a new concept to limit and recover the VOC emissions during loading of crude oil tankers alongside a Single Point Mooring (SPM). The VOC recovery technology is a unique combination of a modern offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) which considers both hydrocarbon recovery as well as power generation.

OnePetro

doi: 10.2118/210906-MS

SPE

SPE-210906-MS

ADIPEC