Constitutive Models with Damage Applied to Geotechnical Behavior of Evaporate Rock

Forero, J. H. (GTEP/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro) | Braga, J. J. V. (GTEP/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro) | Pimentel, I. A. (GTEP/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro) | Calvay, F. K. (GTEP/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro) | Fontoura, S. A. B. (GTEP/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro)

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Abstract The scenario of deepwater exploration under large thick salt formation is challenger and motivates the development of new technologies to deal with costs, safety and environmental issues. This paper deals with the mechanical characteristic of strong creep behavior of salt rocks dependent on the stress and on the temperature. Both of these factors increase with depth leading to deformation with the time. We describe herein the evolution of the creep strain of rock salt across the three phases of the creep using the multimechanism constitutive model (Munson, 1999). We provide a validation of the constitutive model using the experimental data of West Hackberry salt, afterwards we applied the retro analysis technique to the experimental data of Big Hill Salt to calculate the damage parameter. The result of the sensibility simulation of the damage parameter were used to set the limits for the simulation with DREAM algorithm. The results of the MD model with damage indicates that the strain increments are negligible for low strain and increases with the time. 1 Introduction The salt formation reaches high pressures and temperature as both increase with depth, it combination of high pressure and temperature accelerates the creep rate over time. Creep behaviour is a time-dependent effect in rock salt and depends on the composition of minerals, size of the crystals, humidity, temperature, confinement stress, mineralogy, level stress, texture, grain size and also time. The creep behaviour is also strongly influenced by the type of rock salt of the evaporite layer (The Halite is the predominant rock salt and has high flow rates compared to the Anydrita). The development of constitutive models to represent this creep behaviour obtained from laboratory tests deserved attention during the last decades since the discoveries of the new large reservoir in the Pre-Salt. The main types of tests carried out on evaporite rocks are the uniaxial and triaxial tests with constant load (Fuenkajom et al. 1988, Ostadlhassan et al. 2014, Mohammad 2018 & Liang et al. 2006). Andargoli et al. (2018) & Liang et al. (2006) developed tests with different levels of confining stress including or not variation of the temperature gradient. In the work of Andargoli et al. (2018) it was observed that higher the confining stress greater the resistance of the rock, whereas in the works of Liang et al. (2006) & Ostadlhassan et al. (2014) observed that the resistance for the UCS tests increased with the increase in temperature, while the triaxial compression tests present complex tensile paths. A constitutive model is one that can numerically represent the experimental behaviour of a given material. When the load keep constant during long time the strains can be represented with viscoelastic, viscoplastic and viscodamage. Vicoplastic and visco damage analytically including an internal damage parameter as shown in the work of Deng et al. (2018) & Silva et al. (2018) representing the micro cracks formation. The object of a constitutive model is to represent the typical phases of strain of rock salt, i.e. primary (transitional), secondary (stead-state) and tertiary (accelerating). The primary phase has the higher creep velocity, starting with a high creep rate, which decreases over time until reaching a constant at the beginning of the next phase. The secondary phase the creep rate remains constant until the tertiary phase where an acceleration leads to rupture. For the first phase, the Power Law (hereafter referred to as PL) adequately represents the strain (Mackay et al. 2007 & Mackay et al. 2008). For the secondary phase, the double mechanism (hereafter referred to as DM) incorporates in its formulation the effect of temperature variation and constant strain rate. Simone et al. (2015), Mackay et al. (2014) & Velilla et al. (2015), used the DM model to represent the salt behaviour with good results. However, this mechanism does not adequately represent the primary phase as demonstrated by Firme et al. (2014), which shows a better adjustment to the results of PL model. The tertiary phase is characterized by an acceleration of the deformation and also the appearance of microcracks caused by the damage. In this phase, models of visco damage may be used to take into account the evolution of damage with the level of tension (Deng et at. 2018 & Silva et al. 2018).

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