Fast or Slow Progress With TBM in Ideal or Faulted Conditions

Barton, N. (Nick Barton & Associates) | Bilgin, N. (Istanbul Technical University)

OnePetro 

ABSTRACT: Tunnel lengths of 5 km, perhaps 10 km, and even a world-record equaling 15 km can be driven in one year by a TBM. In contrast, the very best drill-and-blast record so far is 5.8 km in 54 weeks, and usually it is closer to 50m/week, rather than the 100m/week achieved by just a handful of contractors worldwide, in some portions of their drill-and-blast projects. A factor with TBM tunneling that does not seem to have been widely acknowledged, or used in planning is that there is a general deceleration as the tunnel gets longer. This is seen in open-gripper case records and in efficient double-shield, in each case following speed-up in the ‘learning curve’ period. Perhaps surprisingly, the same trends of deceleration are seen in the current world record TBM performances, with diameters all the way from 3 m and beyond 12 m. The deceleration from PR to best day, week, month, and 3-months is seen when total time is used, and advance rate is expressed in m/h. It is found that the steepest deceleration occurs when the rock mass quality Q is low. This is confirmed by specific case records from Turkey. The time delay is quantifiable. Sometimes hybrid TBM and D&B are best. 1 INTRODUCTION The authors have experiences from both fast and slow TBM excavations, and cases where drill-and-blast ‘rescue’ was required, although not originally planned. A longer tunnel is automatically a ‘larger sample’ of the rock mass, with more extremes likely to be encountered. Hard massive rock, faulted clay-bearing rock with water pressure, and high-mountain cover are three extremes that individually or collectively can cause serious delays. The longer, deeper tunnel is also unlikely to have been investigated as thoroughly, so surprises have almost to be expected. 2 SOME EXAMPLES FROM TURKEY The geology of Turkey is complex with weak rocks and fault zones that tremendously decrease the performance of TBM. Strong deceleration and delays are seen in specific zones which often are related to low or extremely low Q-values, representing the inverse of tunnelling quality. Conventional (drill-and-blast) tunnelling and mechanical excavation methods are sometimes used together (hybrid) in the same project, as the tunnel is getting longer. The three following examples show clearly how TBM performance and machine utilization are affected by low Q values. Benefit of sometimes using hybrid tunnelling methods is demonstrated by practical experiences.

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