SUMMARY I. BURMA. THE author confines his remarks to India and Burma, with which areas he is familiar. The Geological Survey of India has now examined and surveyed the Irrawaddy. Valley, and it is now proved that oil-sands range from Lower Miocene age in the Thayetmyo district to Middle Eocene on the borders of Pakokku and. Lower Chindwin. The more typical oil-bearing strata are alternations of sandstones with occasional limestone bands and shales of a shallowwater type, associated with gypsum, saline water, gas-pools and springs of sulphuretted hydrogen. These rocks were apparently deposited in a gulf or an inland sea. There are no traces of oil in the Irrawaddy Sandstones nor in the freshwater type of Pegu rocks. The distribution of oil seems to follow the paloeogeography of the gulf or inland sea. A remarkable feature of the marine tertiary deposits of this area is the rapid change of facies. Cases are quoted in illustration of this. This rapid change affects the evaluation of oilterritory in two ways:it causes difficulty in estimating the depth, etc., of the oil, and
it increases the chances that certain wedging oil-sands may form local reservoirs.
It is probable that the Yenanman field is such a case. The failure of the Ondwe dome may be due to increase in thickness of barren upper Pegus and proximity of the barren area of the Pegu Yoma. Uncrushed anticlines are rare in Burma, the greater anticlines are fold-faulted, and do not form reservoirs. There are, however, in places terraces and uncrushed nose-structures which may be worth investigating. The structure underground is somewhat different from that of the surface, especially in a series of soft shales and hard sandstones. Though there has been no extensive migration in Burma, it seems certain that the oil of Khaur has migrated from the Eocene into the Murree series. But it probably did not come entirely from the uppermost Eocene (Chharats), and may be derived in part from rocks below the Laki limestone. In general, the geology of both the Punjab and Burma seems to be well explained by the Continental Drift theory. Sir T. H. Holland in his address to the Geological Society pointed out that the northern shore of Gondwanaland was roughly coincident with the present snow-covered Himalayan are. Palaeontological evidence is given in support of this, and it is shown that, while the Shan States palmozoics have strong European relationships, those of the Himalayas and the Salt Range are a distinct facies, with relationships to America. In the upper Carboniferous, the relationships with Australia are very strong. Presumably Gondwanaland broke up shortly after the glaeiation. The Mesozoic may have been an era of drifting of the fragments of Gondwanaland to their present stations, The Indian Mesozoic fauna shows relationsh