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Conventional well completions in soft formations (the compressive strength is less than 1,000 psi) commonly produce formation sand or fines with fluids. These formations are usually geologically young (Tertiary age) and shallow, and they have little or no natural cementation. Sand production is unwanted because it can plug wells, erode equipment, and reduce well productivity. It also has no economic value. Nonetheless, formation sand production from wells is dealt with daily on a global basis. In certain producing regions, sand control completions are the dominant type and result in considerable added expense to operations.
- North America > United States (0.46)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea (0.24)
- Geology > Mineral (0.93)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (0.93)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.67)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.46)
- North America > United States > California > Sacramento Basin > 4 Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > California > Sacramento Basin > 3 Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > California > Sacramento Basin > 2 Formation (0.99)
- (2 more...)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations > Directional drilling (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations > Coring, fishing (1.00)
- (11 more...)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Well preparation includes many activities to ensure that the well is completed properly. Some of these items and activities include appropriate drilling practices, cleanliness, completion fluids, perforating, perforation cleaning, acidizing, and/or specifications for rig and service company personnel. The productivity of a cased- or openhole gravel-packed completion is determined in part by the condition of the reservoir behind the filter cake, the quality of the filter cake, and the stability of the wellbore. Given this, it can be said that the completion begins when the bit enters the pay. Thus, it follows that the goal of drilling is to maintain wellbore stability while minimizingformation damage. But, for whatever reason, instability affects both cased- and openhole completions because it can cause loss of the wellbore. Thick cement sheaths in washed-out sections result in poor to no perforation penetration and the lack of cement can make sand placement difficult. Hole collapse can prevent running screens to the bottom of the hole. Failure, in the form of fracturing or collapse, can stop an openhole gravel pack, should failure occur while the pack is in process.
- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
- Well Completion > Sand Control > Gravel pack design & evaluation (1.00)
- Well Completion > Completion Installation and Operations > Perforating (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)