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Collaborating Authors
Wireless Advanced Nano-Devices for Well Monitoring
Ordonez Varela, John Richard (Total S.E.) | Boero Rollo, Jean Grégoire (Total S.E.) | Le Beulze, Aurélie (CVA Engineering) | Ochi, Jalel (Total S.E.) | Vellaluru, Neeharika (University of Michigan) | Dutta, Partha Pratim (University of Michigan) | Benken, Alexander (University of Michigan) | Gianchandani, Yogesh (University of Michigan)
Abstract An innovative and practical solution for well monitoring of pressure, temperature, inertial, and magnetic parameters is reported. Tiny and robust systems integrating microscale technologies for telemetry, wireless charging, and physical sensing were developed, characterized, and ultimately deployed on a live installation. The microsystems were designed and developed by the University of Michigan and characterized by Total S.E., whereas the intervention protocols were designed and implemented by TOTAL in TOTAL E&P CONGO offshore facilities. This work demonstrates how regular downhole monitoring of assets can be performed at low cost, thus optimizing production while also de-risking future development plans such as infield wells. This novel approach also reduces risks associated with conventional downhole monitoring methods.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
- North America > United States > Michigan (0.25)
Abstract Wireless Autonomous Nano-sensor Device (WAND) system is a disruptive cost-effective micro-system for well monitoring. It allows to realize pressure, temperature, inertial, and magnetic field measurements in harsh conditions; it also offers Bluetooth low-power communication and Wireless charging capabilities. Analysis’ results of an industrial offshore pilot realized in Congo (a world first in O&G industry in such complex environment), and major improvements implemented after this pilot are reported in this paper. Accomplished advancements comprise hardware and software developments extending operation lifetime, and simplifying on-site utilization. To date, there is not a commercial solution of this type in the market, the realization of this project is a real innovation allowing practical and low-cost monitoring during well intervention while minimizing the risks associated with standard Rigless intervention. Other applications regarding dry-tree wells on tension-leg platforms (TLP), drilling and completion operations, and pipeline monitoring are being investigated, too.
- Africa > Republic of the Congo > South Atlantic Ocean > Lower Congo Basin > Yanga Sendji Field (0.99)
- Africa > Republic of the Congo > South Atlantic Ocean > Lower Congo Basin > N'Kossa Field (0.99)
- Africa > Republic of the Congo > South Atlantic Ocean > Lower Congo Basin > Moho Nord Block > Moho Field (0.98)
Embeddable Microinstruments For Corrosion Monitoring
Kelly, R.G. (Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Yuan, J. (Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Jones, S.H. (Electrical Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Blanke, W. (Electrical Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Aylor, J.H. (Electrical Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Wang, W. (Electrical Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Batson, A.P. (Computer Science School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia) | Wintenberg, A. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) | Clemefia, G.G. (Virginia Transportation Research Council)
ABSTRACT The design and development of an embeddable corrosion measurement microsystem which takes advantage of the increased availability of Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) development and Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit manufacturing is described. Key elements of the system (micropotentiostat with zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) and analog-to-digital (ND) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters were tested electronically and found to perform satisfactorily. The micropotentiostat/ZRA combination was also tested on steel electrodes exposed to 0.6 M NaCl, saturated Ca(OH)2, and saturated Ca(OH)2 + 0.6 M NaCl. Comparisons of polarization resistance data generated by the micropotentiostat and commercially available systems demonstrated that the two systems performed equivalently. The 10-bit A/D and 6-bit D/A converters exhibited excellent linearity over a wide range of inputs. Future directions for the development of the embeddable corrosion measurement microsystem are also outlined. INTRODUCTION The high costs and complexity of corrosion place ever-increasing demands on corrosion monitoring systems. Costs are driven by increasing industrial competitiveness as well as environmental concerns. Competitiveness requires minimization of operational costs, including downtime due to unexpected corrosion failures. Increased concern about environmental contamination has required all industries to implement accurate, but cost-effective, corrosion monitoring methods. However, the complexity of different types of corrosion complicates corrosion monitoring. The temperature as well as the concentrations of dissolved species (e.g., pH, [Cl]) dramatically affect both the type of corrosion and its rate. The controlling parameters can fluctuate with time, requiring frequent, real-time measurements. A complete corrosion measurement system must be capable of making accurate measurements not only of electrochemical parameters related to corrosion rate (e.g., polarization resistance), but also simultaneously other important environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, chloride ion concentration, and conductivity. The operator (or ideally, the system) could then use all this information to assess the situation and make a fully informed decision concerning what mitigation strategies, if any, to apply, Thus, a complete corrosion measurement system would have a high-level design as shown in Figure 1 and would contain the following components: (a) one or more sensors (e.g., for electrochemical measurements of corrosion, pH, temperature, chloride ion concentration, conductivity), (b) a potentiostat with an autoranging zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) for electrochemical measurements, (c) high input impedance amplifiers for the various sensors, (d) analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, (e) a microprocessor capable of controlling the electrochemical measurements, managing the measurements from the sensors, integrating the information from the various sensors into an intelligent assessment of the corrosion situation, and communicating with the external world, (f) a means of communicating with the external world via either a serial communications port or microwave telemetry, (g) a reliable power source. Such systems are commercially available. However, these systems are composed of individual instruments, each of which is on the size scale of tens of centimeters. When combined, the measurement system often has a size on the order of 1 meter. Need for Embeddable Microinstruments In many corrosion monitoring applications, strict constraints are imposed on t
Abstract Accurate knowledge of circulating pressure and temperature is essential for making critical decisions while drilling operation. Through implementation of miniaturized semiconductor technology, we obtained near real-time dynamic pressure and temperature profile of the wellbore, making previously simulated critical operational data such as equivalent circulation density (ECD) and wellbore thermal distribution now measurable using drilling microchip. The application of drilling microchips to collect distributed pressure and temperature data while drilling is investigated, where each microchip measures both pressure and temperature simultaneously. This study also presents a revised method to calibrate measurements of drilling microchip with depth. Four field trials were attempted in a slightly inclined well using water-based or oil-based muds, where 10 drilling microchips were deployed in each trial. The recovered data from the drilling microchips are first downloaded and compiled. An in-house software is developed to process and convert time-scale of each drilling microchip to depth considering slippage of drilling microchips in drill string and annulus. An iterative algorithm is designed to calibrate the predicted arrival time with the actual arrival time of each tracer, which ultimately yields the true velocity of tracers in flow conduits. The maximum measured pressure is used as an indicator to locate each tracer at the bottom hole. It is realized that a plateau of pressure versus time can signify a trapped tracer in the flow path if the pump rate was maintained constant. The results of field trials show that some of the tracers were trapped for few minutes in the lower section of annular space or before the bit nozzle. The results of temperature profiles conclude a unique pattern for almost all of the deployed drilling microchips. However, the results of pressure profiles can be classified in two different groups as drilling microchips could have moved in different batches while pumping. The calculated temperature gradients show a heating zone near the bottom hole and continuous cooling of drilling fluid as tracers move toward the surface. The average pressure gradient is in the range of 0.52 – 0.61 psi/ft among different trials. It is shown that the velocity of tracers in each interval strongly depends on the flow regime. To our best knowledge, a combined measurement of circulating temperature and pressure using drilling microchips for the first-time is successfully conducted in these field trials. The results can be used for calculation of ECD and temperature profiles, which provide near real-time downhole data for monitoring and diagnostic applications. The measured pressure data also provide new insights about tracking of drilling microchips in the wellbore.
Abstract A chemical sensor based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) is presented for the rapid identification and quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater at trace concentration. The functionalization of Ag colloid-based sol-gel films with calixarene contributes to a significant improvement in SERS sensitivity. Shifted Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy (SERDS) effectively reduces the fluorescence-based background in the SERS spectra of PAHs in seawater, resulting in up to three times the lower limits of detection compared to using only SERS. The combined SERS/SERDS concept was demonstrated to be very promising for future in-situ chemical sensor development. Introduction The interest in hydrophobic organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as toxic chemicals has continuously increased during the last decades. As pollutants, PAHs are of global concern because they have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic (Baussant et al., 2001). The main sources of PAHs in the environment are from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and refuse (Patrolecco et al., 2010). They are also introduced into the environment through natural combustion processes such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires as well as through the discharge of crude oil. The temporal and spatial dimensions necessary for monitoring ocean processes can range from the sub-second and sub-millimeter scale of molecular processes up to decades and whole ocean basins (Prien, 2007). For example, the mean concentration of 15 PAHs in the Mecklenburg Bight of the Baltic Sea varied from 2.6 ng/L in August to 8.1 ng/L in November (Witt, 2002). However, many parameters of interest cannot be characterized by infrequent fixed interval sampling. Therefore, special events are missed because no sampling is taking place at the time of their occurrences. To overcome this issue, real-time operative in-situ chemical sensors are required. Raman spectroscopy as a noninvasive optical method can be applied to the identification and quantification of these substances with fast response times. The technique is considered to be an efficient analytical tool to trace hydrophobic organic pollutants in the water body. Because of the high octanol/water coefficient of PAHs, they are dissolved in seawater with extremely low concentration, e.g., in the case of pyrene, the saturation concentration is 435 nmol/L (Schmidt et al., 2004). In addition, the low Raman scattering cross section of these analytes limits the application of conventional Raman spectroscopy to the trace detection of PAHs in water.
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Europe > Poland (0.28)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.70)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.55)