Layer | Fill | Outline |
---|
Map layers
Theme | Visible | Selectable | Appearance | Zoom Range (now: 0) |
---|
Fill | Stroke |
---|---|
Collaborating Authors
Nanotechnology-Based Solution for Offshore Zinc Removal Water Treatment Technology
Ventura, Darryl (Baker Hughes Inc) | Murugesan, Sankaran (Baker Hughes Inc) | Kuznetsov, Oleksandr (Baker Hughes Inc) | Mazyar, Oleg (Baker Hughes Inc) | Khabashesku, Valery (Baker Hughes Inc) | Darugar, Qusai (Baker Hughes Inc)
Due to their intriguing properties, these nanocomposites may be a suitable replacement for conventional membranes found in spiral-wound filter cartridges. The membranes presented here offer a dual-filtration mechanism because nano-sized particulates are filtered out by the porous, high-surface area CNT membrane while charged ions are removed via the CNx particles. This membrane has also demonstrated a unique ability to bind to, and subsequently filter out, divalent ions such as zinc--a common component of completion fluid.
- Materials > Chemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (0.40)
This paper reviews the properties of iron compounds (such as iron oxides, iron hydroxides, and iron sulfides) and their impact in shale produced water treatment with an emphasis on the colloidal form of these compounds (small particle size, high surface charge). A wide range of problems is associated with these compounds in produced water including emulsion stabilization, oil-coated solids, pad formation in separators, pipeline solids, and plugging of water disposal formations. In conventional oil and gas production, the role that iron plays and the mitigation strategies for these problems are reasonably well known. In the burgeoning shale industry, the situation is quite different. Not only are iron concentrations significantly higher than in conventional produced water, but the colloidal properties of iron compounds are only recognized by a handful of specialists. In addition, other colloidal particles such as clays and silts are also present at high concentrations in the produced water. Produced water treatment to remove solids in Permian shale produced water is rather hit or miss. We were brought to this realization a couple years ago when testing formation plugging in Permian disposal wells.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.94)
- Asia > Middle East (0.68)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- North America > United States > West Virginia > Appalachian Basin > Marcellus Shale Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Virginia > Appalachian Basin > Marcellus Shale Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.99)
- (29 more...)
This paper is Part B of a two-part series. Part A includes an introduction, background chemistry of iron and iron oxides in produced water, the origins of iron in shale produced water, measurement of iron in produced water, and field observations of iron in shale produced water. Part B covers facilities problems caused by iron, injectivity problems caused by iron, and the mitigation of colloidal iron-related problems. Part A's abstract is included, and the Conclusions section of Part B addresses both papers. This paper reviews the properties of iron compounds (such as iron oxides, iron hydroxides, and iron sulfides) and their impact in shale produced water treatment with an emphasis on the colloidal form of these compounds (small particle size, high surface charge). A wide range of problems is associated with these compounds in produced water including emulsion stabilization, oil-coated solids, pad formation in separators, pipeline solids, and plugging of water disposal formations. In conventional oil and gas production, the role that iron plays and the mitigation strategies for these problems are reasonably well known. In the burgeoning shale industry, the situation is quite different. Not only are iron concentrations significantly higher than in conventional produced water, but the colloidal properties of iron compounds are only recognized by a handful of specialists.
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (0.69)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Disposal/Injection (0.49)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yeso Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Yates Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > Wolfcamp Formation (0.99)
- (21 more...)
Abstract Optimization of conductive fracture area is perhaps the most critical tenets of fracture stimulation. Several attempts have been implemented to improve the effective fracture area, such as hybrid fracturing, ultra-lightweight proppant (ULWP) delivery, channel fracturing, and slug fracturing. The techniques are all based on viscosity-governed proppant transport mechanisms. This paper presents a new fluid system, based on packing of soft particles, for nearly perfect proppant suspension to improve proppant transport and vertical distribution in fractures. Proppant particles are trapped in the "void" space created by particles packing against each other, and the mechanism is completely different from that of conventional fracturing fluids. It improves effective fracture height by placing proppant across the complete productive interval under downhole conditions when properly applied. This leads to better transverse and vertical placement of proppant in the fracture and significantly increases the fractured surface area. The fluid was tested extensively in conventional fracturing fluid protocols to confirm its feasibility because, mechanistically, it works completely different from conventional fluids. Hydration tests show that the hydration rate can be tuned to maintain the particle integrity during fracturing treatment. HPHT rheology tests show that the fluid is compatible with conventional fluid additives. Static proppant settling tests show superior proppant suspension capabilities. The fluid can be decomposed with live and encapsulated oxidizer breakers to meet treatment design requirement. The fluid can be completely cleaned up and regained proppant pack conductivity was close to unity. Interesting fluid behavior was observed during large scale slot cell testing at room temperature. The fluid was successfully applied in the Cotton Valley and it was confirmed that the novel fluid can be smoothly pumped through fracturing equipment and it also offers several operational benefits. Criteria and considerations for successful application of such fluids to optimize proppant placement and maximize fracture conductivity are discussed. Job design is elaborated in terms of fluid mechanics and proppant transportation mechanics differences and benefits over traditional crosslinked gel systems. The execution, experiences, and subsequent well performance of treatment applications results are compared to offsets treated with a traditional crosslinked gel system.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.47)
- North America > United States > West Virginia (0.46)
Abstract Our new technique for produced water treatment removes the oil rapidly and uses a compact system comprising a flocculation unit, a rotating filter, and a magnetic separator with a superconducting magnet. The strong field of the superconducting magnet enables oil to be removed from oily water continuously at a high rate. After preliminary laboratory tests we constructed a prototype treatment system that can treat 100 m/day. Field test results agreed with the laboratory test results and showed that this system reduced to effluent concentrations less than 5 mg/L. This technique is suitable for use on offshore platforms because the treatment system is compact and the high removal rate it provides prevents environmental pollution when the effluent is dumped into the sea. This technique is applicable to the treatment not only of produced water but also of sewage, industrial waste, and polluted water. Introduction Offshore oil production is normally maintained by injecting seawater into oil reservoirs, increasing the oil pressure but also increasing the water-to-oil ratio year by year. Furthermore, since the water extracted from the oil contains much oil, it has a large impact on the environment when it is dumped back into ocean. Thus, there is a need for high-performance equipment separating oil from water. And because space is at a premium on offshore oil platforms, this equipment should be compact. New Oil-Separation System System Flow. Figure 1 shows a flow diagram for our new oilseparation system, which is designed to treat the water initially removed from the raw crude and should thus be installed downstream from a two-phase or three-phase separator. As shown in Figure 1, it consists of four components: a flocculation unit that gathers the oil particles in the water and generates magnetic flocs, a rotating filter that filters the magnetic flocs from the water, a magnetic separator that attracts the magnetic flocs from the surface of the rotating filter and collects them as highly concentrated oil sludge, and a sludge treatment unit that decomposes the oil sludge and recovers oil. The chemicals added in the flocculation unit are also recovered in the sludge treatment unit and recycled. Figure 2 shows samples of the influent and the effluent, which is so clear that it can be dumped into the sea with little impact. Flocculation Unit. The flocculation unit is where ferromagnetic particles, a coagulant, and a polymer are injected into the influent, which is then stirred and mixed to generate magnetic flocs containing oil particulates and ferromagnetic particles. Micrographs of the emulsified oil in the influent water and of the magnetic flocs after flocculation (Fig. 3) show that although the emulsified oil particles are typically only a few micrometers in diameter, most of the magnetic flocs are more than one hundred micrometers in diameter.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.49)
- Asia > Middle East > Iran > Ilam (0.24)
- Overview > Innovation (0.61)
- Research Report (0.48)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)