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Collaborating Authors
Performance Evaluation of Novel Silane Coated Nanoparticles as an Additive for High-Performance Drilling Fluid Applications
Bardhan, Anirudh (Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology) | Khan, Fahad (King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals) | Kesarwani, Himanshu (Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology) | Vats, Sushipra (Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology) | Sharma, Shivanjali (Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology) | Kumar, Shailesh (Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology)
Abstract Improving water-based drilling fluid properties to mitigate instability issues at elevated temperatures is the need of the hour. In this study, industrially prepared silica nanoparticles (NPs) coated with AEAPTS ([3-(2-Aminoethylamino) propyl] trimethoxy silane) was used as an additive to enhance the rheology and control filtration of the water-based mud. Silica nanoparticles were coated separately in a two-step process, which involved the addition of a hydroxyl group first and then coating with AEAPTS. To check its applicability in water-based drilling fluids rheological and filtration tests were done with varying NP concentrations of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 w/v %. The rheology values of the mud samples were recorded both before and after the thermal aging of mud in the roller oven at 105°C for 16 hours. The filtration test was carried out according to API standards with 100 psi differential pressure for 30 minutes. The silane coating over the silica NPs was confirmed with the shifting in the peaks of the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra of the sample. Both the plastic viscosity (PV) and the apparent viscosity (AV) of the drilling fluid were found to be increasing with silane-coated silica nanoparticles’ inclusion when tested at 30°C and 60°C. The degradation in the rheology of the base mud without nanoparticles after thermal aging was found to be around 60 % which was reduced to around 20 % with the addition of the coated silica nanoparticle. Also, a remarkable reduction in the filtrate volume, when compared with base mud, was achieved with the addition of the silane coated NP in the mud. The results show that the novel AEAPT silane-coated silica NPs can be used as a rheology modifier and filtration control additive in water-based drilling fluid for high-temperature drilling applications.
- Asia (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
Abstract The concept of relative viscosity is widely used in literature for describing the rheological behavior of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids containing particles. Generally, nanoparticles are used at low concentrations; but Einstein equation hardly predicts the suspension viscosity values. Similarly, equations developed for high particle concentrations hardly made the predictions too. This paper presents the inability of Einstein and Krieger-Dougherty equations in predicting the relative viscosity of surfactant-based fluids (SBF), polymeric fluids, and SBF-polymeric fluid blends. Concentrations of 5% and 33 lb/Mgal guar were used for the laboratory preparation of SBF and polymeric fluids respectively, and both fluids contained 4% potassium chloride (KCl). Also, the mixture of SBF and polymeric fluids in the ratios of 3:1 (vol.) and 1:3 (vol.) resulted into Blend-A and Blend-B fluids respectively. The addition of 20 nm silica nanoparticles, at concentrations of 0.058, 0.24, and 0.4% wt., to the clean fluids generated the nano-fluids. Rheological data were gathered with Bohlin CS-50 rheometer within a temperature range of 75 to 175 °F. Silica nanoparticle concentrations of 0.058, 0.24, and 0.4% wt. were converted to 0.0083, 0.034, and 0.055 solid volume fractions respectively. Relative viscosity values could not be predicted using Einstein and Krieger-Dougherty equations. The nano-fluids display both increase and decrease in suspension viscosity; furthermore, their suspension viscosities were dependent on the solids volume fraction, temperature, and shear rate (9 to 1026 sec.). Lastly, relative viscosity correlations (that covered the whole range of values for which the experiments were conducted), previously developed by the authors, were included for complementary purpose. The correlations predict the viscosity of nano-suspensions as a function of solid volume fraction, temperature, and shear rate. This work provides an insight into the behavior of suspension at nano-scale level. The prediction of viscosity of nano-suspensions depends on more than one parameter. Moreover, this study will facilitate the field application of these novel hydraulic fracturing fluids.
Summary Viscoelastic surfactants (VESs) have been used for acid diversion and fracturing fluids. VESs were introduced because they are less damaging than polymers. VESs' high cost, low thermal stability, and incompatibility with several additives (e.g., corrosion inhibitors) limit their use. The goal of this study is to investigate the interaction of VES micelles with different nanoparticle shapes to reduce VES loadings and enhance their thermal stability. This work examined spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles of silica and iron oxides. The effects of particle size, shape, and surface charge on a zwitterionic VES micellization were conducted. The physical properties were measured using ζ-potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The rheological performances of VES solutions were evaluated at 280 and 350°F using a high-pressure/high-temperature rotational rheometer. The proppant-carrying capacity of the fracturing fluids was evaluated using a high-pressure/high-temperature see-through cell and dynamic oscillatory viscometer. The fluid loss and formation damage were determined using corefloods and computed-tomography scans. The interaction between nanoparticles and VES is strongly dependent on the VES concentration, temperature, nanoparticle characteristics, and concentration. The spherical particles at 7-lbm/1,000 gal loading extended the VES-based-fluid thermal stability at VES loading of 4 wt% up to 350°F. The nanorods effectively enhanced and extended the thermal-stability range of the VES system at VES concentration of only 2 wt%. Both particle shapes performed similarly at 4 wt% VES and 280°F. The addition of silica nanorods extended the thermal stability of the 4 wt% VES aqueous fluid, which resulted in an apparent viscosity of 200 cp for 2 hours. The addition of rod-shaped particles enhanced the micelle to micelle entanglement, especially at VES loading of 2 wt%. The use of nanoparticles enhanced the micelle/micelle networking, boosting the fluid-storage modulus and enhancing the proppant-carrying capacity. The addition of nanoparticles to the VES lowered its fluid-loss rate and minimized formation damage caused by VES-fluid invasion. This research gives guidelines to synthesize nanoparticles to accommodate the chemistry of surfactants for higher-temperature applications. It highlights the importance of the selected nanoparticles on the rheological performance of VES.
- Europe (0.67)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
- North America > United States > Pennsylvania (0.28)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.46)
- Well Drilling > Formation Damage (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
- Well Completion > Hydraulic Fracturing > Fracturing materials (fluids, proppant) (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (1.00)
Abstract Nanotechnology is well established in several industries. However, the emergence of its application is recent in the oil and gas industry; a fact corroborated by the current surge of publication in literature. Interestingly, advancement in research has shown that nanotechnology can improve the rheological properties of surfactant-based fluids (SBF) and polymeric fluids. To date, this application focuses more on polymeric fluids than on SBF. Furthermore, a few or none of the studies address the detrimental effect of nanotechnology on rheological properties of these fluids once certain limits are exceeded. Likewise, little or no information is available regarding the application of nanotechnology in SBF-polymeric fluid blends. This paper presents an experimental investigation of nanotechnology on the rheological properties of SBF, polymeric fluids, and SBF-polymeric fluid blends. The surfactant-based and polymeric fluids are composed of 5% SBF in 4% KCl and 33 lb/Mgal guar in 4% KCl respectively. Blend A was prepared by adding 75% vol. of surfactant-based fluid to 25% vol. of polymeric fluid; while Blend B resulted from the addition of 25 and 75% vol. of these fluids. The 20 nm silica nanoparticles were added to achieve three nano-fluid concentrations (0.058%, 0.24%, and 0.4% wt.) for each clean fluid. Rheological data were gathered by conducting viscometry and frequency sweep tests using the Bohlin CS-50 rheometer within a temperature range of 75 to 175 °F. The results indicate that 20 nm silica nanoparticles are beneficial in terms of enhancing rheological properties in surfactant-based and polymeric nano-fluids up to particle concentration of 0.24% and 0.4% respectively. Blend A nano-fluids show similar results at 0.058%, and only at 0.4% at high shear rates. Similarly, Blend B displayed favorable results up to 0.24% and at high temperature applications only (125 to 175 °F). Finally, relative viscosity correlations are developed for predicting viscosity of nano-suspensions. The application of nanotechnology on the rheological properties of SBF, polymeric fluids, and SBF-polymeric fluid blends delivers on great benefits, if nanoparticle concentrations are carefully selected. These nano-fluids will be applicable for oilfield operations such as hydraulic fracturing.
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
- Well Completion > Hydraulic Fracturing (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Chemical flooding methods (0.68)
Abstract Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) based fluids are used in many applications in the oil industry. Their viscoelastic behavior is due to the overlap and entanglement of long wormlike micelles. The growth of these wormlike micelles depends on the charge of the head group, salt concentration, temperature, and the presence of other interacting components. The problem with these surfactants is that they are expensive and used at temperatures less than 200°F. The viscoelasticity of nanoparticle-networked VES fluid systems were analyzed by rotational and oscillatory viscometers. Apparent fluid viscosities were measured by using 2–4 vol% amidoamine oxide surfactant in 13 to 14.2 ppg CaBr2 brines and 10.8 to 11.6 ppg CaCl2 brines at different temperatures up to 275°F and a shear rate of 10 s. The nanoparticles evaluated were MgO and ZnO at 6 pptg concentration. In addition, the effect of different nanoparticle concentrations (0.5 to 8 pptg) and particle size on the viscosity of VES fluid was investigated. The oscillatory shear rate sweep (100 to 1 s) was performed for the 4 vol% VES in 14.2 ppg CaBr2 from 100 to 250°F. This study showed that the addition of nanoparticles improved the thermal stability of VES micellar structures in CaBr2 and CaCl2 brines up to 275°F and showed an improved viscosity yield at different shear rates. Micron and nano-size particles have potential to improve the viscosity of VES fluids. Lab tests show for VES micellar systems without nanoparticles, the dominant factor is the viscous modulus but when nanoparticles are added to the system at 275°F the elastic modulus becomes the dominant factor. These positive effects of nanoparticles on VES fluid characteristics suggest that these particles can reduce treatment cost and will extend the temperature range of the surfactants to 275°F.
- Europe (0.93)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)