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Because foam applications for mobility control during gas flooding have proven technically challenging and marginally attractive, the recent focus has shifted somewhat to the application of relatively small volumes of foam that are placed as gas blocking agents from the production well side. The application of foams as gas blocking agents has been discussed and reviewed numerous times in the literature.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Because foams are exceptionally effective at reducing gas permeability, they are good candidates for use in gas blocking treatments that are placed relatively near to producing wellbores. The foam's low effective density results in the tendency for selective placement in the upper sections of the reservoir where gas, especiallyconing and cusping, is entering the wellbore. The obvious and major challenges that must be overcome to successfully apply foams as a gas blocking agents are to assure that the emplaced blocking foam will have adequate strength and that the metastable foam will be stable long enough to result in attractive economics.
- North America > United States > New Mexico > San Juan Basin > Media Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Colorado > Sand Wash Basin > Rangely Field > Weber Sand Unit Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Colorado > Piceance Basin > Rangely Field > Weber Sand Unit Formation (0.99)
- Production and Well Operations (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Chemical flooding methods (0.92)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Conformance improvement (0.72)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Miscible methods (0.70)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.41)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.41)
Improving conformance, in its original and most limited definition, is synonymous with improving the drive-fluid sweep efficiency during an oil-recovery flooding operation. Improving the conformance and/or sweep efficiency for any given oil-recovery drive fluid during a reservoir flooding operation involves improving one, or both, of two components of flood sweep efficiency: vertical and areal sweep efficiency.
- North America > United States > Wyoming (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas (1.00)
- North America > United States > Oklahoma (1.00)
- (7 more...)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.93)
- Geology > Mineral (0.92)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play (0.67)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.46)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Wind River Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Wertz Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Bighorn Basin > Oregon Basin Field > Tensleep Formation (0.99)
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- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Included are applications of foam formobility control and for blocking gas. In 1989, Hirasaki[1] reviewed early steam-foam-drive projects. In 1996, Patzek [2] reviewed the performance of seven steam-foam pilots conducted in California. Early and delayed production responses were discussed for these pilots. Gauglitz et al.[3] review a steam-foam trial conducted at the Midway-Sunset field of California.
- North America > United States > Texas > Permian Basin > North Ward Estes Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > California > San Joaquin Basin > Midway-Sunset Field > Webster Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > California > San Joaquin Basin > Midway-Sunset Field > Monterey Formation (0.99)
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- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.41)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.41)
Bulk foam, as found in the head of a glass of beer or as found in association with cleaning solutions, is a metastable dispersion of a relatively large volume gas in a continuous liquid phase that constitutes a relatively small volume of the foam. An alternate definition of bulk foam is an "agglomeration of gas bubbles separated from each other by thin liquid films."[1] In most classical foams, the gas content is quite high (often 60 to 97% volume). In bulk form, such as in oilfield surface facilities and piping, foams are formed when gas contacts a liquid in the presence of mechanical agitation. As used herein, bulk foams are foams that exist in a container (e.g., a bottle or pipe) for which the volume of the container is much larger than the size of the individual foam gas bubbles.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Currently, the three major applications of conformance improvement oilfield foams are as amobility control agent during steamflooding, a mobility-control agent during CO2 flooding, and gas blocking/plugging agents placed around production wells, often applied in conjunction with agas flooding project. Although the use of foams for oil-recovery applications has been actively considered and studied for more than forty years, widespread application of foams for improving oil recovery has not occurred to date. In the pioneering work of the late 1950s and through the early 1970s, foam was identified to be a promising candidate for improving mobility control and sweep efficiency of oil-recovery drive fluids, especially gas-drive fluids.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] These early workers also noted that oil in porous media often tends to destabilize most aqueous foams and tends to harm oilfield foam performance. A number of the earliest oil industry proponents of the use of foam hoped that foams would eventually lead to routine "air flooding" of reservoirs.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Gas-injection methods (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Conformance improvement (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Chemical flooding methods (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.41)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.41)