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The complete paper addresses the conceptualization and planning of a Middle East-to-India deepwater pipeline (MEIDP), which is planned to reach a record water depth of 3450 m and cross two continental slopes, an earthquake subduction zone [the Owen Fracture Zone (OFZ)], and outfall debris of the Indus River Fan in 2500-m-deep water. The authors examine the techniques, analysis, and technology development available at the time of writing to make such challenging routes increasingly feasible. India relies on regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG) with terminals at major port locations. The Middle East has ready supplies of gas; however, significant challenges exist for a long-distance, ultradeepwater pipeline. South Asia Gas Enterprise (SAGE) has been developing the MEIDP as a transnational gas infrastructure project to deliver 1.1 billion scf/D from Oman to the Gujarat coast of India by a deepwater route across the Arabian Sea (Fig.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 47th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in San Antonio, Tex., Oct. 8–11, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by who the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract A natural gas pipeline system is herein defined as an arrangement of pipeline and compressor stations connected in some arbitrary manner so as to permit the steady-state flow of gas from one or more points of supply to on or more points of delivery. A network is code in nodal notation to provide the description of the existing facilities (pipelines and compressors). The network thus defined must be of the form of a tree, i.e., the flow rate through each facility is known. Pipelines operating in parallel with each other, having common endpoint pressures are permitted. At each source of supply, the available flow rate and a maximum available pressure are known. At each point of delivery, except the terminal, the flow rate and the minimum delivery pressure are known. The pressure at the pressure are known. The pressure at the terminal is constant, and the flow rate at the terminal is calculated from material balance and fuel considerations. The objective of optimization is to minimize the annual cost of owning and operating the facilities required to transport gas through the system. If the existing facilities are adequate, the sum of the annual costs to operate the existing facilities is minimized, i.e., previous sunk, fixed costs are constant and ignored. If the existing facilities are inadequate, new facilities are added to the system in such a manner that the sum of the annual costs of owning and operating the new facilities plus the operating cost of the existing facilities is minimal. A form of dynamic programming is used as the optimizer. Introduction The design of natural gas pipelines systems requires that a set of pipeline facilities be selected that will permit the flow of gas from points of supply to points of demand. In points of supply to points of demand. In general, there are many solutions (sets of facilities), each of which will satisfy or solve the design problem of interest. The engineer, having defined the design problem, usually employs the following procedure in his effort to develop a solution:assume a set of independent variables and assign these values, solve the appropriate set of equations for values of the dependent variables, determine if the resultant solution is feasible, i.e., all restraints are satisfied, and perhaps estimate the cost of All required facilities, either accept the solution or revalue one or more of the independent variables and repeat Steps 2 through 4. Computer programs have been written that mechanize the computational and data processing aspects of the problem.
Abstract Natural gas is a versatile form of non-polluting fuel. With just over a dozen nations accounting for 84% of the world-wide production, access to natural gas has become a significant factor in international economics and politics. The major difficulty in the use of natural gas is transportation and storage because of its low density. Despite this, natural gas production has seen tremendous growth over the years. This has been due to large amount of natural gas reserves, the wide variety of uses of natural gas and carbon dioxide emissions from natural gas energy generation are far less. In the past, the natural gas recovered in the course of producing petroleum could not be profitably sold, and was simply flared. This wasteful practice is now illegal in many countries. The most common method for transporting natural gas was high pressure in underground pipelines. Additionally, countries now recognize that value for the gas may be achieved with LNG, CNG, or other transportation methods to end-users in the future. In many cases the gas is now re-injected back into the formation for later recovery. Transportation is now a very important and key role in the supply chain for natural gas and the big challenge is to transport gas to markets at the lowest cost without too much environmental risks. Now re-gasification at the market is important when selecting the mode of transportation of natural gas. This paper reviews, analyzes and provide insight to present and future gas transportation methods. These options of transporting gas from oil and gas field to markets include pipelines, liquefied natural gas, compressed natural gas, gas to solids (hydrate), gas to liquids, gas to wire and other gas to commodity methods. The paper provides an overview of the challenges facing present transportation modes, and discussion on possibilities for improvement via new technology or new gas transport options. Another focus of the paper is to compare and highlight some critical factors affecting the different means of transportation of natural gas. These include economics, markets, gas concentrations, environmental risks and re-gasification issues. Introduction The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances, natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its point of use. Transportation of natural gas is closely linked to its storage, as well; should the natural gas being transported not be required at that time, it can be put into storage facilities for when it is needed. The factors affecting the type of gas transportation used include gas reserves, time frame to monetize the gas, the distances to the markets, investments and infrastructure available and gas processing. Stricter environmental laws' including the prevention of flaring gas has now pushed for ways to monetize associated gas. The possible ways of transporting natural gas to markets are pipelines, liquefied natural gas, compressed natural gas, gas to solids (hydrate), gas to liquids, gas to wire and other gas to commodity methods. Table 1 shows the stages of the different gas transportation methods. Gas reserves (2005) are in the range of 6500 tcf but what is extremely significant is the 40% or 2500 tcf that is considered stranded gas. These small pockets of gas reserves are found mainly in Russia, Qatar, Australia, Alaska and Trinidad (Fleisch). There is normally a large amount of associated gas that is re-injected or flared however nowadays many countries have banned the flaring of natural gas in large quantities. There is therefore a thrust for economic ways of transported stranded gas.
- Europe (1.00)
- Africa (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Qatar (0.35)
- North America > United States > Alaska (0.24)
- Overview (1.00)
- Research Report > New Finding (0.46)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- South America > Ecuador > Oriente Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Quebec > Galt Field (0.99)
Abstract. At present the China natural gas industry has significant development. The accumulated proved gas reserves are 1124.57 G m3, the accumulated proved solution gas reserves are 826.64 G m3 up to 1995. The production of natural gas in China is 16.13 G m3. The approach for developing China's natural gas industry is as follows: - Strengthen exploration Enhance deep formation exploration in old fields in eastern areas in China. Expand exploration in central and western areas such as Shichuan, Shanganning, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Speed up exploitation of Shanganning gas fields and Shichuan gas fields Speed up exploitation of Xingiang condensate field Expand usage of natural gas for residences gradually Apply natural gas for automobile properly Use natural gas for power generation in order to reduce pollution in some areas if conditions allow. - Speed up exploitation - Utilization of natural gas - Develop petrochemical industry and produce fertilizer and methyl alcohol. The tentative plan to develop the China natural gas industry Stabilize crude oil production while speeding up development of natural gas - Insist on the policy of ‘equally emphasizing oil and gas’ - Strengthen regional cooperation In the meantime enhance the exploitation of domestic natural gas, strengthen the cooperation with Middle Asia, Russia and surrounding countries - Establish a natural gas transportation network Make an overall plan of a gas transportation network considering both domestic resource and resource from the surrounding countries. The gas transportation network will be a flexible and reliable system linked to many gas fields and consumers. I NT R O D U CTI O N China is a country that began utilization of natural gas long ago in history. Since 1949, the Chinese natural gas industry has been greatly improved. In addition to Sichuan gas fields, some oil fields, such as Daqing and Shengli, can also produce a large volume of associated gas. Even so, since the natural gas industry of China was established on a weak base, the natural gas is still in the initial stage in energy consumption, and the natural gas development and facility construction often lag behind because of the lack of gathering, transportation and storage facilities which limits the development and utilization of natural gas and the requirement that the gas production must keep pace with the downstream construction. Because all the gas fields discovered so far are not located in or near the gas market, the conditions of gas gathering, transportation and storage have to be considered first sufficiently. The gas fields discovered so far produce both pure gas and condensate, and as a result, light hydrocarbons, in addition to methane, should also be utilized because they can be used not only as high-quality fuel but also as important chemical raw materials. M
- Asia > China > Sichuan Province (0.36)
- Asia > China > Heilongjiang Province > Daqing (0.25)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.92)
Abstract This study aims to contribute to industry discussion on gas utilization opportunities available to Ghana. Specifically, it will analyze Ghana's existing natural gas plans. i.e., the Gas Master Plan analyze possible opportunities and associated challenges and finally propose sources of finance for gas sector projects. In order to discover opportunities of natural gas utilization as well as challenges that come in the course of implementation, data was sourced from secondary sources as well. Benchmarking was also done using the natural gas journeys of three (3) case study countries: Nigeria, China, and the United Kingdom and a comparative analysis compared their natural gas journeys in terms of policy direction, natural gas utilization, infrastructure development and challenges encountered vis a vis the natural gas journey of Ghana. The analysis showed that various opportunities existed for natural gas utilization in the areas of industrial power generation, LNG export, CNG, Fertilizer and bauxite production. Various challenges such as lack of human and technical capacity, sector debt, regulatory issues, pricing issues, security of supply and others plagued most natural gas economies. These findings suggest that an ‘armory’ of opportunities exist for natural gas utilization in Ghana. However, the implementation of these utilization options is contingent on the development of proper policy instruments and extensive investment in infrastructure. The country should also be conscious of bottlenecks that may hinder natural gas utilization efforts.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- (2 more...)
- Oceania > Australia > Western Australia > North West Shelf > Carnarvon Basin > North West Shelf > North West Shelf Project (0.99)
- North America > United States > Gulf of Mexico > Central GOM > East Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Atwater Valley > Block 349 > Jubilee Field (0.99)
- Africa > Ghana > Gulf of Guinea > Tano Basin > West Cape Three Points Block > Jubilee Field (0.99)
- (13 more...)