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Collaborating Authors
Tanks and storage systems
Integrity Challenges and Damage Mechanisms Affecting Storage Tanks Bottom Plates: Implementation of Cost-Effective Mitigation and Control
Ameri, Saleh Salem Al (Facility Integrity Department, ADNOC Onshore, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) | Nair, Ajiv Mohan (Facility Integrity Department, ADNOC Onshore, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) | Pattali, Jayadevan (Facility Integrity Department, ADNOC Onshore, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates)
Abstract This submission studies severe corrosion observed underneath oil storage tanks (Above Ground Storage Tank -AST) bottom plates from the external soil side. Monitoring and measurement of corrosion mechanisms in this context remains challenging for Integrity professionals due to limitations in effective monitoring technologies and measuring such corrosion. The propagation of such corrosion remains unpredictable and can be catastrophic considering associated impacts such as Loss of primary containment, HSE, environmental Impacts, production losses and institution reputation. Inadvertent failure on AST's used for millions of barrels of oil storage will turn out catastrophic resulting in production and operational impact as such equipment's are categorized as critical safety equipment. This case study focuses on the failure of AST bottom plate constructed as per API650 on the concrete ring wall foundation. The bottom is plate placed over soil and protected with a grid anode cathodic protection system with an expected design life of more than 30 years. However, the tanks were observed with severe soil side corrosion including through holes during the inspection within a mere 10 years from commissioning. This study delves into various factors contributing to the damage mechanism of tank bottom plates such as shortfalls in design, poor quality controls during construction, limitation of monitoring methodology etc. In addition, the study provides some recommendations on mitigation programs. This study report delineates the cases of three above-ground storage tank bottom plates with similar construction and operating envelopes that underwent off- stream inspection. This report aims to shed light on the causes and consequences of severe corrosion in AST bottom plates and offer practical recommendations for mitigating these risks.
- Overview (0.68)
- Research Report (0.48)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (1.00)
- (2 more...)
Optimization of Procedures from Charge of Silica Hollow Microsphere to Vacuum Formation for Insulation System of Liquefied Hydrogen Storage Tanks
Kim, Kwanghyun (Manufacturing Innovation Laboratory, Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering) | Jung, Eun Sang (Pusan National University) | Kang, Joon Sang (Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology) | Kim, Junki (Manufacturing Innovation Laboratory, Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering) | Kim, GiBeom (Pusan National University) | Juhn, Kyu Jin (Manufacturing Innovation Laboratory, Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering) | Lee, Dongju (Manufacturing Innovation Laboratory, Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering)
ABSTRACT High performance insulation system is needed for cryogenic liquefied gas fuel storage tanks. Especially, liquefied hydrogen (LH2) has boiling point of 20K (-253°C), which is much lower than other liquefied gas fuels such as ammonia and natural gas. When the LH2 storage tanks are designed, highly advanced insulation system including vacuum space is no longer an option like it was for the other liquefied gas fuels. For the efficient carriage of LH2, a larger volume of cargo containment system with a higher vacuum level of insulation system should be developed continuously. There are many configurations developed for the vacuum insulation systems such as multi-layered insulation (MLI), vacuum insulation panel (VIP), particulate insulation or their combinations. It is very difficult to determine the optimized insulation system for the large-volume cargo containment system because each one shows different thermal conductivities depending on the degree of vacuum pressure and difficulties of the vacuum formation. With such difficulty in optimizing the insulation system, cost, constructability, and performance of thermal insulation also have to be considered simultaneously. In this study, a series of preliminary lab-scale experiments were carried out to obtain an understanding of constructability of insulation materials in the annular space during the vacuum forming process. As a result, this manuscript described the results of the insulation performance prediction of silica hollow microspheres and construction process simulation of the particulate vacuum insulation system charged with silica hollow microspheres. INTRODUCTION Recently, so much global attention to the environmental pollution has been grown with many keywords such as global warming, decarbonization, and clean energy (renewable energy). Hydrogen is the most suitable solution for those keywords. Hydrogen as a means of storage and carrier could compensate many disadvantages of renewable energy resources. Production of renewable energy could be independent to region (fair productability to anywhere); however, the efficiency of the production is seriously dependent to the ambient environment whether it is day or night, sunny or rainy, and calm or windy. Thus, an energy storage system is necessary and very important regardless of its form whether it is an electricity in the batteries or certain materials like hydrogen gas because the surplus energy could be used later in the right man in the right place.
- North America > United States > New Mexico > Permian Basin > Delaware Basin > Upper Pennsylvanian > Vacuum Field > San Andreas Formation > San Andreas Formation > Upper San Andreas Formation (0.98)
- North America > United States > New Mexico > Permian Basin > Delaware Basin > Upper Pennsylvanian > Vacuum Field > San Andreas Formation > Lower San Andreas Formation > Upper San Andreas Formation (0.98)
- North America > United States > New Mexico > Permian Basin > Delaware Basin > Upper Pennsylvanian > Vacuum Field > Lovington Formation > San Andreas Formation > Upper San Andreas Formation (0.98)
- (5 more...)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (0.88)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Tanks and storage systems (0.83)
ABSTRACT Various energy carrier systems have been proposed to achieve a hydrogen supply chain of 300,000 tons per year by 2030. This plan is a precursor to virtually zero CO2 emissions in the future. Liquefied hydrogen storage tanks are considered a non-toxic and reliable way to achieve this goal. However, many aspects still need to be clarified for the fracture resistance of the inner tank, which is the key to the safe storage of liquefied hydrogen. In this article, the author briefly introduces a Japanese governmental research project. INTRODUCTION Various energy carrier systems have been proposed to achieve a hydrogen supply chain of 300,000 tons per year by 2030 (Japanese government cabinet secretariat, 2017), which is a precursor to virtually zero CO2 emissions in the future. A simple storage and transportation system using a liquefied hydrogen carrier and a liquefied hydrogen storage tank is considered a non-toxic and reliable way to achieve this goal since it simply uses hydrogen alone. However, using only developed processes, the target price (station price of 30 yen/Nm3) is far from being achieved, and cost reductions in all processes must be pursued rapidly. In particular, storage and transportation, which accounts for a large portion of the price, can be most efficiently reduced by scaling up the size of the tanks. Furthermore, to realize these storage tank structures, it has been found that many issues need to be clarified regarding the fracture resistance of the inner tank, which is the key to safely storing liquefied hydrogen. Therefore, a research program is currently underway to establish the existence of problems, material evaluation methods, and reference values when SUS316L, the most promising candidate material, is used. These research programs are commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). However, the drafting of guidelines for liquid hydrogen storage tanks, including feedback at the planning and intermediate stages, is always discussed by the WG for drafting guidelines for liquid hydrogen storage tanks, which is established within the Technical Committee on High-Pressure Hydrogen Technology (PHT) of the High-Pressure Engineering Society of Japan. (Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the need for a large liquid hydrogen storage tank.) This paper mainly describes onshore storage tanks, while loading arms and marine tanks, which are essential infrastructures for establishing a hydrogen society, will be discussed in a separate paper due to space limitations.
- Asia > Japan (1.00)
- North America > United States > California (0.46)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (0.48)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Plate Tectonics > Earthquake (0.34)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > Natural gas storage (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Air emissions (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Tanks and storage systems (1.00)
Abstract The growing hydrogen economy represents a major opportunity for energy producers - many of whom have existing skills and infrastructure which can be repurposed for this sector. However, the ability to store and transport hydrogen in large quantities is a challenge. Hydrogen as an energy carrier has a relatively low volumetric energy density. A solution for transporting hydrogen at scale between supply and demand centres is therefore needed. The UK Government commissioned ERM to design two industrial scale trials to address these considerations. Key learnings from these projects will be presented to delegates, including technical challenges and solutions, commercial drivers and optimisers, and health, safety and stakeholder considerations and approaches. The two industrial scale trial projects together cover the full value chain for liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) storage, transport and use. LOHCs are a viable means of transporting hydrogen in large quantities and have several advantages over other carriers such as ammonia, methanol or liquid hydrogen. In particular, LOHCs can be stored at ambient pressure and temperature, enabling the repurposing of existing oil infrastructure for storage and transportation. The first industrial trial evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of storing LOHC in conventional oil storage tanks, transporting it via oil pipelines, transporting it at bulk scale using conventional marine tankers and loading/unloading at existing oil jetties using standard equipment (loading arms, valves, pumps, etc). The second industrial trial involves demonstrating a design for a novel cascade tankage system that can supply large quantities of hydrogen at high pressure for a range of applications. The system stores ‘charged’ LOHC (i.e. LOHC carrying a high quantity of hydrogen) and is designed to enable hydrogen to be released from the LOHC and the ‘depleted’ LOHC (i.e. LOHC with hydrogen removed) to be stored in a unique cascade tankage system. The released hydrogen is compressed and used to supply hydrogen applications at high pressure (300-700 bar) or, at lower levels of compression, used to directly connect to a hydrogen supply line. Insights from these industrial scale trials will be presented to delegates. The learnings cover the entire LOHC value chain including storage, transport and use in a marine context - and there will be particular focus on the technical and economic potential to repurpose existing oil and gas infrastructure for hydrogen transport via LOHC. The ability to store and transport hydrogen in large quantities will be key to unlocking large scale hydrogen production opportunities. By sharing insights from two industrial scale trial projects covering the whole LOHC production, storage, transport and use value chain, delegates can benefit from the latest exciting learnings on this innovative solution, through real-life current projects.
- Energy > Renewable > Hydrogen (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.51)
Introducing ammonia as a ship-fuel comes with different challenges. This paper analyzes some of the safety aspects of using ammonia as a fuel for vessel propulsion. Specifically, the study focuses on the handling of accidental releases from the refrigerated storage tank and the connected fuel systems within enclosed spaces, such as the tank room and the engine room. A possible handing technology for ammonia leaks on ships are compact ammonia scrubbers, and to enable such compact scrubbers this work also studies the influence of packed bed geometries on bubble dynamics, identifying design characteristics that can improve ammonia dissolution or neutralization efficiency.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (0.68)
For reducing evaporation losses during storage of volatile liquids in above-ground steel cylindrical tanks, external floating roofs are used. Due to the absence of a stationary roof, the structure of the external floating roof must be capable of absorbing snow and wind loads that reach significant values on the territory of the Russian Federation. A feature of these loads is their eccentric application, which increases the likelihood of tank failure. Previous studies have shown that snow and wind loads are interrelated, and the uneven thickness of the snow cover over the surfaces of constructions is caused by the heterogeneity of the snow and wind flow. The characteristics of the wind flow in the space inside the tank, which are the cause of the eccentricity of the snow and wind effects on the external floating roof, have not been studied. In this paper, the nature of the flow and the distribution of wind flow velocities in the space inside the tank, which is a circular cylinder open from above, are studied. Research were carried out using a reservoir model of height / diameter ratio H/D = 0.53 on a scale of 1/100 in a wind tunnel. The influence of the position of the external floating roof relative to the tank and its design on the nature of the flow also has been studied. The flow velocity in the wind tunnel was 22–23 m/s, Re = (3–4)·10. It has been established that when a wind flows around a cylindrical tank open from above, a global vortex with a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of the undisturbed flow, as well as several local vortices, is formed in the space inside the tank above the surface of external floating roof. The global vortex forms reverse flows, directed opposite to the undisturbed flow, over most of the surface. The velocity of the return currents decreases with increasing relative height due to a decrease in the size of the global vortex. The reverse flow velocity on the external floating roof surface is inhomogeneous. The inhomogeneity of the flow velocities creates the eccentricity of the wind load affecting on the external floating roof. The values of the aerodynamic coefficients obtained as a result of the research can be used in calculating the wind load on the external floating roof of full-scale tanks with a ratio of characteristic dimensions H/D ≈ 0,5.
Abstract Above Storage tanks are one of the critical equipment's in the Oil & Gas facility that handle large volume of fluids. Integrity Management of Above ground storage tanks is of utmost importance in oil and gas facilities such as Processing plants and Storage terminals. Periodic Internal inspection is a key element on Above ground storage tank Integrity management strategies. Oil and Gas operating companies are faced with applicable regulations and competing economics of expensive and potentially dangerous inspections. To minimize the amount and cost of inspections needed there is need for a technology that performs inspection and assure Integrity while the tank is Inservice and keeping costs, downtime, safety risks, and environmental impacts to a minimum. Robotic inspection of Above ground storage Tanks can be deployed to conduct detailed investigation and assess integrity of tank while it is in online which is in compliance with Internationally recognized industry codes and standards. Tank internal Online inspection by utilizing the Robotic technique, eliminates high cost of tank downtime, need for temporary product storage, avoid cleaning and handling of sludge, increase personnel safety by avoiding confined space entry
Numerical Simulation on Advection-Diffusion of Leaked Gas from Oil Storage Tanks
Wei, Yonghui (School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University) | Wu, Wenfeng (School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University) | Wang, Xuxiu (School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University) | Chen, Yongyan (School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University)
ABSTRACT It is of great significance to study the behavior of leaked petroleum gas from oil storage tanks for the safety of the oil reserve base and the prevention and control of the environmental pollution. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, FLUENT, is used to model the advection-diffusion behavior of the petroleum gas leaked from an oil storage tank surrounding by an array of tanks in a reserve base. In the simulation, the wind condition is verified by a wind tunnel experimental data. The location of the gas leakage is set on the top of a chosen tank and the leakage from different tank in the array is considered in the simulation. It is found that the tank array considerably alters the wind flow, resulting in a less significant advection-diffusion effect on the petroleum gas leaked from downstream tank than upstream tank. This reveals the importance of optimal deployment of the oil storage tanks and, if necessary, a further consideration of the mitigation plan for specific tanks. INTRODUCTION From 2003, China began to build oil reserve bases and the first national petroleum reserve base, Zhenhai Base, was constructed and started operating in October 2006. After more than ten years of further development, the base currently consists of 12 reserve base with an overall capacity of 60+ million tons. Following a rapid expansion of the oil reserve bases, the safety of the oil reserve is increasingly recognized, especially the air pollution, risk of poisoning and explosion caused by the leakage of petroleum gas. To mitigate the risk, the behavior of the leaked gas needs to be well understood. Both numerical and experimental approaches have been attempted to characterize the aerodynamic behavior of the leaked gas. Song et al (2008) conducted a CFD simulation and discussed the distribution and formation of gas concentration. Kim et al. (2013) used the FLACS software to simulate and analyse the gas explosion due to the hydrogen gas leakage. Their simulation results are verified by using the experimental data on hydrogen jets. Kountouriotis et al (2014) characterized the gas diffusion for the gasoline with different components subjected to different influencing factors (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, leakage location, etc.) by using the STAR-CD software. Huang et al (2016) used FLUENT software to simulate the leakage of petroleum gas from an inner floating roof tank, and found that the smaller the wind speed, the higher the quality of petroleum gas concentration. Hao et al (2019) used CFD technology to simulate the effects of the location of the leakage hole and wind speed on the petroleum gas leakage from a floating roof tank, and the results showed that the location of leakage hole and wind speed would have a significant influence on the accumulation location and diffusion range of petroleum gas after leakage. However, few researches on the leakage its advection-diffusion behavior for a tank group.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Tanks and storage systems (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
The article presents a comprehensive approach, which permits to improve the accidents prediction system for tank farms. The comprehensive approach incorporates the following three stages: 1) numerical computer simulation of farm failure, evaluating forces of oil /oil products wave hydrodynamic effects on storage tank farm square enclosure walls; 2) calculation of storage tank farm square walls bearing capacity under extreme loads of oil /oil products’ waves; 3) computer simulation based on terrain relief with account of results obtained at the previous stages. The scientific novelty of the given recommendations is in synthesis of studied and time-and-experience proven methodological approaches, which have been confirmed by full-scale tests and results of investigations of happened accidents. Use of three methodologies in the approach permits to approximate with maximum likelihood ratio the simulated situations to possible results of crashes with considering a maximum quantity of factors that affect the consequences of possible accidents. The proposed approach could be incorporated in the management system of an enterprise, which provides services in transportation, storage or transfer of oil and oil products. The balanced system for predicting consequences of possible accidents, acceptance of preventive measures on avoidance of disastrous consequences will permit to decrease risks of unintended consequences for both the enterprise and third parties and economy as a whole. Uninterrupted operation of midstream operation facilities is one of the critical factors for ensuring energy security of Russia, a policy challenge, solution of which could be reached by various ways, including application of the comprehensive approach proposed by the authors. This approach is teamwork of interdisciplinary interaction of several science fields, which is successfully tested and endorsed for pipeline transportation facilities.
Abstract This case study details the retrofit installation of a replaceable linear anode based impressed current cathodic protection for a critical service double wall cryogenic Ethylene Storage Tank in Kuwait. The ground bed underneath the tank bottom has been provided with the heaters to maintain the temperature of soil, preventing the ice film formation below the tank bottom. This critical service tank could not be taken out of service and the existing CP system consisting of discreet anodes around the perimeter of the tank proved ineffective in meeting NACE criteria for cathodic protection. Utilizing Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) to bore under the tank, offered the opportunity to install directly below the tank linear anodes and a portable reference electrode profile tube while remaining in service. This novel approach to installing cathodic protection on existing tanks offers several critical benefits but had not previously been attempted in the Middle East Region. This paper will discuss the lessons learned in bringing this technology to the Middle East Region and focus on the design process, the installation works including the use of advanced electronic tracking technology for the HDD bore, and the commissioning results. Introduction Corrosion has long been recognized as an extremely costly naturally occurring phenomenon that can be controlled through the proper application of corrosion prevention and control methods protecting public safety, extending the service life of assets and preventing damage to property and the environment. The landmark Cost of Corrosion Study published by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration estimated that corrosion costs were approximately 3.1% of the nation's GDP. Within the study, several key sectors of the US economy were studied. This paper is focused on one of those areas – the corrosion risks associated with storage tanks that contain hazardous materials. The study determined that the annual direct cost of corrosion for above ground hazardous material storage tanks (ASTs) in the US was ∼$4.5 billion. Cathodic protection be applied to prevent corrosion of external tank bottom plates for above ground storage tanks (ASTs) that are exposed to soil or sand foundations. API Recommended Practice 651 notes that "cathodic protection for new aboveground storage tanks should be included in the initial design."
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait (0.25)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.85)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.54)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Tanks and storage systems (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)