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Collaborating Authors
Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2)
ABSTRACT As environmental sulfur limits become more stringent, there has been a recent surge in preferential and localized corrosion in amine units. This has occurred even with HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) resistant steels and in equipment where velocity limits are not exceeded. Amine absorbers and associated rich amine piping particularly around the welds, downcomers and other turbulent locations are particularly vulnerable. In extreme circumstances, there has also been evidence of blistering, HIC cracking and widespread pitting in such steels. This paper will discuss case histories of absorber damage and look at the importance of the synergies of operating parameters such as acid gas loadings, recirculation rates and amine concentrations in controlling corrosion. Traditional inspection and analysis techniques have failed to predict or identify such damage. The most cost-effective means of identifying, inspecting, monitoring and minimizing corrosion will be discussed along with timely replacement strategies. BACKGROUND The amine treating plant removes the acid gases (mainly H2S) from sour gases received from different refinery process areas. It consists of the following: absorption, filtering, and regeneration. Since the 1980's, use of tertiary methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) has become a popular option for acid gas removal due to their low corrosivity and lower energy requirements. Studies have shown inherently lower general corrosion rates with MDEA compared to the other primary and secondary amines. In the absorber, lean MDEA flowing down absorbs the H2S from the sour gas flowing up. This reaction occurs rapidly and the salt dissociates as follows: (equation) Bisulfide corrosion is minimum below 0.5 mole H2S/mole amine. The passivating FeS film formed as a result of Fe dissolution is normally very stable and protective. The H2S rich amine solution is routed to a regenerator to produce an H2S lean amine that is recycled back to the absorber. The absorbers discussed here are linked in the sense that the rich amine from the HP Absorber is sent to the LP Absorber for removal of acid gases there.
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Health > Noise, chemicals, and other workplace hazards (1.00)
Artificial Intelligence Framework for Database Integration and Data Quality Evaluation for Asset Integrity
Alhammad, Bashaer (Saudi Aramco - Research and Development Centre) | Alyami, Mazyad (Saudi Aramco - Research and Development Centre) | Hoshan, Tarik (Saudi Aramco - Research and Development Centre) | Maya, Christian Canto (Saudi Aramco - Research and Development Centre) | Arfaj, Meshal (Saudi Aramco – Southern Area Oil Operations -technical Services) | Abbas, Faisal (Al Midra tower Saudi Aramco)
ABSTRACT Pipeline integrity assessments in upstream pipelines is a challenging activity that requires considerable amount of data and its proper interpretation. An important factor, usually ignored during the data collection process, is a data integration and data correlation analysis. This process becomes of high importance when trying to collect meaningful and representative pipeline information. The Success criteria of the integrity assessment highly depend on the quality of the data gathered, and the appropriate selection of significant variables in the corrosion mechanism. This approach aims to improve the decision-making framework on the internal corrosion of pipelines. This report encompasses a statistical analysis of oil pipelines metal loss due to localized corrosion. Different Machine Learning (ML) methods and statistical approaches, like Decision Tree, Logistic Regression and Random Forests were compared to identify the statistical significance of different predictor variables, such as, geochemical parameters, operation parameters, and mechanistic simulation outputs. The results showed that meaningful optimization of significant predictor variables enhance the ML model prediction accuracy. INTRODUCTION Energy producing companies use pipelines to transport energy from point A to point B. When the pipeline thickness at a location falls below a certain threshold, there is risk of leakage that could result in serious economic losses, personal injury, or damage to the environment. Pipeline integrity management is a performance-based process that handles pipeline serviceability and failure prevention. Pipeline integrity is a method of assessing and defining the likelihood of a pipeline incident and the potential consequences on safety, health, environmental and financial impacts of a specific incident. An adequate pipeline integrity management program will improve the pipeline serviceability over the time as it can advertise and prevent future failures. A pipeline integrity assessment can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of maintenance resource utilization to maintain the pipeline reliability. Pipeline operators, and oil producers around the globe try different approaches to develop their own integrity program. One way the pipeline operators have is the detailed analysis of the inline inspection to be converted into the maintenance programs. For oil producers, however, the story change as they operate more segments of short distances and sizes that, sometimes, are not design to accommodate an ILI tool. The pipeline design becomes one big reason of the need of integrity models to assess the condition of the operating pipelines. An indirect method to determine the integrity of the pipeline is then required to assess the condition and serviceability of the pipeline.
- Research Report > New Finding (1.00)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (1.00)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
- (2 more...)
- Information Technology > Data Science > Data Quality (1.00)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning (1.00)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning > Decision Tree Learning (0.58)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning > Statistical Learning > Regression (0.49)
Mixed Metal Oxide Coated Titanium for Impressed Current Anodes Cathodic Protection
Al-Zahrani, Talal (Saudi Aramco, Research & Analytical Services) | Al-Abdulhadi, Abdullatif (Saudi Aramco, Research & Analytical Services) | Al-Jahani, Haitham (Saudi Aramco, Research & Analytical Services) | Al-Anazi, Nayef (Saudi Aramco, Research & Analytical Services) | Bakthavatchalu, Balasubramani (Saudi Aramco) | Al-Huwaiji, Abdulrahman (Saudi Aramco, Research & Analytical Services)
ABSTRACT Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) is the most common corrosion control method for protecting metallic structures. Mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes are one of the commonly used impressed current anodes. Such anodes have been widely utilized in the industry due to their good electrocatalytic activity, low consumption rate, long service life, light weight, availability in various shapes, and high ratio of performance to cost. To assess the various MMO ribbon anodes performance in terms of their service life, an electrochemical acceleration life testing (EALT) with relatively high current densities has been conducted. The anode's ability to perform at a higher current density than the application's design requirements was measured, and anodes' performance ranked based on time-to-failure using the EALT. The requested design criteria for the ribbon anodes is current output of 42 mA/m with typical lifetime of 50 years. The tests were conducted in accordance to NACE-TM-0108 on different MMO ribbon anodes, and compared. The EALT results showed that anode Product-A and Product-B did not meet the design specification criteria and failed at application designed current density. Whilst the anodes Product-C and Product-D showed better performance, and met the criteria. INTRODUCTION Eliminating and mitigating corrosion is one of the major objectives that oil-and-gas industries are adopting to enhance and optimize the life of their assets. It is achieved by applying scientifically proven concepts that allows industries to with stand corrosion impacts, such as: cathodic protection. It is an electrochemical technique that controls a corrosion cycle by shifting the reaction and electrical potential of the metal surface, which requires protection, from anodic oxidized region to cathodic reduced region. There are two approaches to implement this theory. One of which is known as Galvanic Anode or Sacrificial Anode for Cathodic Protection System. It is about introducing metals with lower electrical potential than the metallic structures that requires protection. The galvanic anodes, like: Aluminum, Magnesium or Zinc, are placed adjacent to the metallic structures, and connected in the corrosion cycle to be corroded and consumed whilst the remaining areas of the system are rather surviving corrosion attacks. Although this approach requires low maintenance and initial cost, it has limited current capacity that makes it an ineffective option for high-resistivity environments.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
ABSTRACT Refinery operators face increasingly complex challenges in managing integrity of process units and assets – driven by the goal to achieve operational excellence and maximize asset performance while minimizing costs and maintaining the highest safety and environmental standards. Such challenges stem from multiple operational factors, including changing process feed, need to work with more complex process dynamics and difficulties associated with correlating potential corrosion damage to process parameters across different units. A more challenging aspect is the need to correlate and rationalize all of the data and corrosion touch points to ensure and enhance mechanical integrity. Industry Recommended Practices, such as API RP 970 - Corrosion Control Documents (CCD) and API RP 584 - Integrity Operating Windows (IOW) provide a best practices framework to define principal integrity and degradation concerns, correlate multiple unit operational parameters such feed rate, composition, process parameters, damage mechanisms, metallurgy etc. Such a framework is designed to give the refinery operators the ability to identify the key corrosion circuits and equipment, primary damage modes in these circuits, critical operating limits (IOW) and the appropriate operating philosophy to prevent and control corrosion, optimize inspections, and drive appropriate reliability and safe practices. In order to mitigate the complexity of different types of data and in-depth technical insights captured in a CCD, a digitalized CCD solution (CorrExpert®-eCCD) has been developed to provide a framework to easily identify and monitor the most critical aspects of refinery operating units, in terms of specific piping and equipment, key corrosion loops and damage mechanisms. This framework is designed to dynamically link to the process historian and Integrity Data Management Systems (IDMS) to monitor key process parameters as well as pinpoint specific aspects of unit performance to ensure operational integrity. The ability to correlate potential corrosion damage to dynamically linked process limits leads to implementation of real time, dynamic IOWs to correlate corrosion to true parametric damage drivers, leading to improved unit productivity and profitability.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals (0.68)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Management (1.00)
- (3 more...)
The Latest Developments on Cathodic Protection Technologies in China
Du, Yanxia (University of Science and Technology Beijing) | Gu, Feng (China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corporation) | Ke, Te (Aramco Asia / Engineering & Technical Services) | Jiang, Zitao (China University of Petroleum-Beijing)
ABSTRACT Cathodic protection (CP) has been developed greatly both in the application and advanced technologies in recent years. Firstly, the numerical simulation and optimization design technology has been developed rapidly by combining advanced analysis & measuring techniques. Secondly, the application of CP probe monitoring and wireless transmission technology improves the level of CP maintenance greatly. Simultaneously, with rapid development of oil & gas pipelines, high voltage grid and urban rails, AC and DC stray current interferences are becoming more severe, and present new challenges to the traditional CP technologies. In solving these problems, corrosion theory, evaluation system and mitigation technology of AC & DC stray current interference have been developed. Fourthly, a new cathodic protection—photoproduction cathodic protection attracted attention in recent years and some research work on performance of semiconductor has been explored. The latest progress on the above CP technologies is introduced and the development trends are predicted in this paper. INTRODUCTION The progress of science and technology, and the large-scale construction of infrastructures, not only bring about challenges to cathodic protection (CP), but also provide new opportunities for CP technologies. Challenges and opportunities promote the development of the CP technologies. In recent years, CP technology has achieved great development particularly in the following four aspects: first, numerical simulation calculation technology of cathodic protection, which has made remarkable achievements in theoretical research and practical application; second, data remote monitoring technology of cathodic protection, which has improved the management level of cathodic protection system by combining wireless transmission system and GPRS network; third, great progress has been made in the aspects of AC and DC stray current corrosion mechanism, evaluation method and elimination technology; fourth, the development of photocathodic protection technology. The latest developments of cathodic protection technology are introduced from the above four aspects.
- Energy > Power Industry (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
ABSTRACT This paper will detail the thirty year history of the use of linear anode anodes to protect older generation pipelines with aging coatings. The presentation will discuss the original polymeric linear anode and the product's history of evolution to today's MMO coated titanium wire anode. The paper will then discuss aging pipelines and the problem that creates for the effective application of cathodic protection. The paper will briefly discuss recoating as an option before diving into the application of linear anodes including installation methodologies and design considerations. The paper will then present some case stories and examples of successful installations. INTRODUCTION There is a long and successful history of using linear anodes to cathodically protect older generation pipelines with aging coatings. The use of linear anodes to address poor cathodic protection distribution has proven to be easier and more cost effective than large scale recoating projects. While the use of linear anodes is common in the United States, there are many similar vintage pipelines in Europe, the Middle East and Asia which struggle with the same challenges and for whom this technology should be of great interest. A BRIEF HISTORY OF LINEAR ANODES The first linear anode product appeared in the mid to late 1990s. It was a revolutionary anode concept – a flexible long length anode cable intended to operate at low current outputs. This first generation linear anode included several key features that remain the standard for today's linear anodes: packaged sock diameter, fabric housing, and braiding to protect the fabric housing and help ensure even coke compaction. There were also some unique flaws in the first generation linear anode. The anode material itself was a conductive polymer formulation that doubled as the insulation on the anode lead wire. This dual role of anode and cable insulation was a major flaw. Notably, the use of a polymeric anode while extremely creative, was a very poor choice of anode material. The polymeric anode is subject to cracking at any area of localized high current output. Since the anode also doubled as cable insulation, when the anode cracked, the conductor was exposed and quickly went into solution yielding to an open circuit anode failure.
- North America > United States (0.34)
- Europe > Middle East (0.24)
- Asia > Middle East (0.24)
- Africa > Middle East (0.24)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (0.95)
ABSTRACT Corrosion of reinforcing steel bars is considered the major cause of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, costing owners and operators high repair bills and asset`s downtime. The Arabian Gulf's coast is known for elevated temperatures, high humidity levels and exceptionally high chlorides in sea and land. This severe exposure dramatically reduces the corrosion initiation time and increases rebar corrosion rate. Rebar corrosion is understood to be the limiting factor for the service life of reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, Concrete Society Guide 163 [1] and other technical guidelines have recommended including an additional durability enhancement technique to help reinforced concrete assets achieve their desired service life, in excess of 30 years. Amine carboxylate corrosion inhibiting admixture has been widely accepted globally and regionally as an effective yet economical additional durability enhancement technique. This paper will present a literature review of the latest industry standards, test methods and acceptance criteria of corrosion inhibiting admixture. The paper will also explain how lab and field result outputs were used as inputs to a service life prediction model. A simulation of service life will be presented highlighting the inputs in a typical project located near the coast in a marine exposure condition, with a specific triple blend concrete mix with various concrete covers, explaining the impact of amine carboxylate-based inhibitor on service life when added to the same mix, in each cover scenario. INTRODUCTION Corrosion inhibiting admixtures has been initially used as concrete additives to inhibit chloride induced corrosion of rebars in the late 1970's. The first chemistry introduced to the market was based on Calcium Nitrite chemical composition, which in performance is classified as anodic inhibitor, protecting the anode site of the corrosion cell. Calcium Nitrite inhibitor's mechanism of protection depends on the interference with the chloride complexing process by oxidizing the more easily attacked Fe2+ form of iron to the more stable Fe3+ form. The above mechanism of corrosion protection requires variable dosage, depending on surface chloride, buildup time, concrete permeability, and concrete cover depth. According to ACI 212.3R[2], the exact dosage that ranges from 10-30 liters per meter cube of concrete shall be calculated based on the maximum chlorides that will reach out onto the rebar surface during the whole service life cycle.
- North America > United States (0.48)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (0.46)
- Materials > Construction Materials (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.49)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
A Hybrid Data-Physics Framework for Reservoir Performance Prediction with Application to H2S Production
Leeuwenburgh, Olwijn (TNO (Corresponding author)) | Egberts, Paul J. P. (TNO) | Barros, Eduardo G. D. (TNO) | Turchan, Lukasz P. (Bluware) | Dilib, Fahad (Equinor ASA) | Lødøen, Ole-Petter (Equinor ASA) | de Bruin, Wouter J. (Equinor ASA)
Summary Model-based reservoir management workflows rely on the ability to generate predictions for large numbers of model and decision scenarios. When suitable simulators or models are not available or cannot be evaluated in a sufficiently short time frame, surrogate modeling techniques can be used instead. In the first part of this paper, we describe extensions of a recently developed open-source framework for creating and training flow network surrogate models, called FlowNet. In particular, we discuss functionality to reproduce historical well rates for wells with arbitrary trajectories, multiple perforated sections, and changing well type or injection phase, as one may encounter in large and complex fields with a long history. Furthermore, we discuss strategies for the placement of additional network nodes in the presence of flow barriers. Despite their flexibility and speed, the applicability of flow network models is limited to phenomena that can be simulated with available numerical simulators. Prediction of poorly understood physics, such as reservoir souring, may require a more data-driven approach. We discuss an extension of the FlowNet framework with a machine learning (ML) proxy for the purpose of generating predictions of H2S production rates. The combined data-physics proxy is trained on historical liquid volume rates, seawater fractions, and H2S production data from a real North Sea oil and gas field, and is then used to generate predictions of H2S production. Several experiments are presented in which the data source, data type, and length of the history are varied. Results indicate that, given a sufficient number of training data, FlowNet is able to produce reliable predictions of conventional oilfield quantities. An experiment performed with the ML proxy suggests that, at least for some production wells, useful predictions of H2S production can be obtained much faster and at much lower computational cost and complexity than would be possible with high-fidelity models. Finally, we discuss some of the current limitations of the approach and options to address them.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.68)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea (0.46)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Northern North Sea (0.29)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Terrace > PL 128 > Block 6608/10 > Norne Field > Tofte Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Terrace > PL 128 > Block 6608/10 > Norne Field > Not Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Terrace > PL 128 > Block 6608/10 > Norne Field > Ile Formation (0.99)
- (10 more...)
- Information Technology > Modeling & Simulation (1.00)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Representation & Reasoning (1.00)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning > Statistical Learning (0.46)
- Information Technology > Artificial Intelligence > Machine Learning > Neural Networks (0.46)
Effect of Molecular Structure of Thio-Chemicals on Corrosion Inhibition in CO2 Corrosive Environments
Yang, Jiang (Northeast Petroleum University) | Wang, Xintong (China University of Petroleum (East China) (Corresponding author)) | Wang, Yefei (China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Yang, Zhen (China University of Petroleum (East China))
Summary Carbon dioxide (CO2) is frequently present in oil and gas fields, and its use in CO2 flooding for enhanced oil recovery is growing. However, CO2 is highly corrosive to steel in oilfield fluid. The effective and economical method for controlling corrosion is the addition of corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel materials. Thio-compounds of small size have shown potential as corrosion inhibitors to enhance the performance of imidazoline inhibitors. In this study, several small thio-derivatives inhibitors including mercaptoethanol (ME), thiourea (TU), mercaptoacetic acid (TGA), and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) were compared to inhibit the CO2 corrosion. They were used as synergists to enhance corrosion inhibition of oleic imidazoline (OIM) on carbon steel in CO2-saturated brine at 60°C. The corrosion inhibition was evaluated using weight loss and electrochemical techniques, while the surface was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, quantum chemical calculations were conducted to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The results demonstrate that the MBI, with its aromatic group, exhibited superior corrosion inhibition performance compared with ME, TGA, and TU. The surface characterization revealed no pitting and localized corrosion at 10 ppm of inhibitor. A proposed interaction model suggests that OIM becomes protonated and forms a coadsorption layer with MBI on the carbon steel surface through electrostatic attraction. MBI adsorbs onto iron through a bidentate binding-N-S-bridge connection, effectively preventing carbon steel corrosion in the CO2 environments. This research contributes to establishing a structure-properties relationship for thio-chemicals, aiding in the development of more efficient corrosion inhibitors.
- Research Report > New Finding (0.68)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.66)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.34)
- North America > United States > South Dakota > Williston Basin > Bakken Shale Formation (0.98)
- North America > United States > North Dakota > Williston Basin > Bakken Shale Formation (0.98)
- North America > United States > Montana > Williston Basin > Bakken Shale Formation (0.98)
Corrosion Inhibition of Benzyl Quinoline Chloride Derivative-Based Formulation for Acidizing Process
Yang, Zhen (Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Wang, Yefei (Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Yang, Jiang (Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China)) | Wang, Jing (Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China) (Corresponding author)) | Finšgar, Matjaž (Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China))
Summary Due to the severe and rapid corrosion of metallic equipment by strong acids at high temperatures, a high concentration of acidizing corrosion inhibitors (ACIs) is required during acidizing processes. There is always a need to develop more effective and environmentally friendly ACIs than current products. In this work, a highly effective ACI obtained from a novel main component and its synergistic effect with paraformaldehyde (PFA) and potassium iodide (KI) is presented. The ACI was prepared from the crude product of benzyl quinolinium chloride derivative (BQD) synthesized from benzyl chloride and quinoline in a simple way. The new ACI formulation, named “synergistic indolizine derivative mixture” (SIDM), which consists of BQD, PFA, and KI, showed superior corrosion inhibition effectiveness (IE) and temperature stability compared with commercially available ACI. More importantly, the SIDM formulation eliminates the need for commonly used highly toxic synergists (e.g., propargyl alcohol and As2O3). In a 20 wt% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, the addition of 0.5 wt% SIDM mitigates the corrosion rate of N80 steel down to less than 0.00564 lbm·ft at 194°F, while the corrosion rate at 320 °F is 0.0546 lbm·ft·when 4.0 wt% SIDM is added.
- Europe (0.68)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.47)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.69)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Well Completion > Acidizing (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)