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Materials
Geophysical exploration strategy for Cu-Ni-Co deposits in China: A review
Guoqiang, Xue (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Nannan, Zhou (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Benxun, Su (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Aikui, Zhang (The Third Geological Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province) | Yanchen, Yang (Jilin University) | Jiangping, Mo (China Nonferrous Metals (Guilin) Geology and Mining Co. Ltd.) | Xin, Wu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)
ABSTRACT Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co) deposits are important mineral resources, and China is the largest consumer of these resources. Magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, and meta-sedimentary ore-bearing rocks are the most significant Co-Ni deposit types in China, accounting for 98% of the Co production. Thus, exploring the Chinese Co-Ni resources and reserves is beneficial for promoting its economic development. We have analyzed the metallogenetic geologic model and the physical characteristics of the rocks and ores of magmatic Co-Ni sulfide and hydrothermal Cu-Co deposits and the sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks that host the Cu-Co ore deposits to develop an effective geophysical exploration technology system. For magmatic deposits, the small ore-forming intrusion is the main detection target; in general, gravity, magnetic, and seismic exploration and artificial-source electromagnetic methods are widely used to determine the precise location of the ore-forming intrusion. For hydrothermal deposits, ore-controlling structures and favorable positions for mineralization (e.g.,ย alteration belts) are the main exploration targets, and the combination of hyperspectral remote sensing, gravity, magnetic-excitation, chemical prospecting, and artificial-source electromagnetic detection techniques can help locating such ore body types. For sedimentary and meta-sedimentary ore-bearing deposits, a combination of soil debris geochemical exploration measurement, induced polarization (IP) scanning, gravity method, IP sounding, and the transient electromagnetic method has been used to scan and locate the ore-controlling and ore-bearing layers. Finally, upon selecting the Xiarihamu magmatic Co-Ni deposit in the East Kunlun orogenic belt as our study area, we have conducted controlled-source electromagnetic exploration and obtained reliable results. Our study can serve as a reference for determining the most effective geophysical technique for the exploration of Cu-Ni-Co deposits in China.
- Geology > Rock Type > Igneous Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Ore Deposit Type (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral (1.00)
- (3 more...)
- Geophysics > Magnetic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Electromagnetic Surveying (1.00)
- Materials > Metals & Mining (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas > West Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Thompson Field (0.95)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Southern North Sea > Southern Gas Basin > Sole Pit Basin > Block 49/6a > Ann Field > Rotliegend Formation (0.94)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Southern North Sea > Southern Gas Basin > Sole Pit Basin > Block 48/10a > Ann Field > Rotliegend Formation (0.94)
Detecting and recovering critical mineral resource systems using broadband total-field airborne natural source audio frequency magnetotellurics measurements
Prikhodko, Alexander (Expert Geophysics Limited) | Bagrianski, Andrei (Expert Geophysics Limited) | Wilson, Robert (Expert Geophysics Limited) | Belyakov, Sergey (Qazaq Geophysics) | Esimkhanova, Nurganym (Qazaq Geophysics)
ABSTRACT Airborne geophysical methods offer a substantial advantage compared to ground-based techniques in exploring territories of different sizes, ranging from entire metallogenic provinces to the deposit scale, including those hosting critical minerals. An airborne method with measurements of natural magnetic field variations, known as audio frequency magnetotellurics (a passive field method), significantly increases the depth of investigation and expands the resistivity detection range compared with some controlled-source primary-field methods. We describe the technical solutions used in an airborne electromagnetic passive system with a mobile sensor of the total magnetic field variations and the stationary sensor of electric field variations, and its applications to recovering the complex geology of hydrothermal-magmatic systems often associated with critical minerals. The systemโs ability to explore depths, typically beginning from the near-surface and down to 1โ2ย km, by recording responses in three orthogonal inductive coils over a broad bandwidth from 22ย Hz to 21,000ย Hz allows for mapping resistivities across a broad range. This capability is crucial for obtaining more comprehensive exploration models. Field case studies of the natural field system include application in exploring for unconformity uranium mineralization, along with other associated minerals, epithermal gold and polymetallic-bearing structures, and ferromanganese and polymetallic deposits formed in a continental rift valley. An extra case study involving kimberlites was incorporated as a proven example of the natural field systemโs capability in conducting near-surface and deep investigations. The case histories illustrate the airborne natural electromagnetic field technology capabilities in recovering geoelectric models and their specific patterns.
- North America > Canada (0.97)
- North America > United States (0.93)
- Geology > Rock Type > Igneous Rock (0.69)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Extensional Tectonics (0.54)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate (0.51)
- (2 more...)
- Materials > Metals & Mining (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Myrtle Basin > McArthur Basin > EP 171 > McArthur River Mine (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Athabasca Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Athabasca Basin (0.99)
- Africa > South Africa > Western Cape Province > Indian Ocean > Bredasdorp Basin > Block 9 > EM Field (0.99)
Constraints and insights into the tectonics of the Bayan Obo deposit from the shallow velocity structure
Zhu, Dengda (Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Wang, Jian (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology) | He, Lanfang (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Chen, Weiying (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Yang, Kuifeng (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Li, Xiaochun (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Xue, Guoqiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Fan, Hongrui (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Xu, Ya (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Zhang, Lili (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Huang, Song (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Wang, Yibo (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Zhang, Jien (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Tian, Xiaobo (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Zhao, Liang (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Liu, Yun (Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.) | Liu, Zhanquan (Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.) | Zhao, Yonggang (Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.) | Yang, Zhanfeng (Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.) | Li, Xianhua (Chinese Academy of Sciences)
ABSTRACT The Bayan Obo deposit in Inner Mongolia is a crucial source of rare earth elements-niobium-iron, with significant economic importance for China. The ore-bearing dolomite is believed to have originated from mantle-derived magma, indicating high prospectivity in the deeper sections. However, the deep distribution of the ore-bearing dolomite remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a 3D S-wave velocity () structure down to 2.5ย km depth beneath the Bayan Obo using ambient noise tomography techniques, which used 25ย days of continuous waveform data recorded by 312 short-period seismometers. Combined with previous geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies, our results reveal the possible 3D spatial distribution of the ore-bearing dolomite beneath the Bayan Obo. The results indicate that the structures beneath the main, east, and west pits change from relatively high-velocity (high-V) zones (with of approximately 2.8โ3.2ย km/s) at shallow depths (depth to approximately 1.5โ1.8ย km) to significant low-velocity (low-V) zones (with ย <ย 2.6ย km/s) at deeper depths (depth below approximately 1.8ย km). We suggest that the content of ore-bearing dolomite may decrease significantly at deeper depths (depth below approximately 1.8ย km) beneath these pits, which possibly indicates a diminished prospecting potential there. Our results also indicate a significant high-V zone (with ย >ย 3.4ย km/s) at depths of approximately 1โ2.5ย km between the main and west pits. Its lithology remains unclear and is proposed to be a key scientific issue in the future to improve our understanding of the ore-controlling structure associated with the tectonic events in the Bayan Obo deposit.
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Plate Tectonics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock > Dolomite (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Modeling > Velocity Modeling (0.69)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Passive Seismic Surveying > Earthquake Seismology (0.67)
- Materials > Metals & Mining (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (1.00)
Integrating earthquake-based passive seismic methods in mineral exploration: Case study from the Gerolekas bauxite mining area, Greece
Polychronopoulou, Katerina (National Technical University of Athens, Seismotech S.A.) | Malinowski, Michal (Polish Academy of Sciences, Geological Survey of Finland) | Cyz, Marta (Geological Survey of Finland) | Martakis, Nikos (Seismotech S.A) | Apostolopoulos, George (National Technical University of Athens) | Draganov, Deyan (Delft University of Technology)
ABSTRACT As the global need for aluminum constantly rises, bauxite is considered to be a critical mineral, and the mining industry is in search of new and effective exploration solutions. In this context, we design and implement a purely earthquake-based passive seismic survey at the Gerolekas bauxite mining site in Greece. It is a very difficult exploration setting, characterized by rough topography, limited accessibility, and a very complex geotectonic regime. We gather a passive seismic data set consisting of four months of continuous recordings (May to August 2018) from 129 stand-alone 3C seismological stations. We then analyze this data set and extract 848 microearthquakes that will serve as sources for the application of local earthquake tomography (LET) and transient-source seismic interferometry (TSI) by autocorrelation. We apply LET to estimate the 3D P- and S-wave velocity models of the subsurface below the study area and TSI by autocorrelation to retrieve the zero-offset virtual reflection responses below each of the recording stations. The velocity models provide a relatively coarse image of a previously completely unexplored part of the mining concession, whereas the higher-resolution virtual reflection imaging illuminates in detail the different interfaces. We also reprocess three lines of legacy active seismic data that were shot in 2003, using the LET P-wave velocity model for depth migration, and confirm the improvement of seismic imaging. Finally, we evaluate the obtained results using well data and jointly interpret them, extracting useful information on the expected target depths and indicating that earthquake-based passive seismic techniques can be an innovative and environmentally friendly option for mineral exploration.
- Europe > Greece (0.71)
- North America > United States (0.46)
- Overview (0.67)
- Research Report (0.46)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Plate Tectonics > Earthquake (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral (1.00)
- Materials > Metals & Mining (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Information Technology > Data Science (0.46)
- Information Technology > Software (0.46)
Determining the location of the Bayan Obo rare earth elements mineralization body by the transfer learning method
Xue, Guoqiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Lv, Pengfei (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Chen, Weiying (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Li, Xiaochun (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Xu, Ya (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Wu, XinWu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Wang, Jian (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) | Zhao, Yonggang (Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd) | Li, Xianhua (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)
ABSTRACT Bayan Obo is the largest rare earth element (REE) deposit in the world. The occurrence of REE is closely related to the dolomite in this area. Dolomite serves as the mother rock of REE mineralization and the ore body. How to accurately locate and characterize dolomite is the key to determining the distribution of REE and estimating its reserves. A large amount of geophysical work has been conducted in this area, including a dense seismic array, various electromagnetic methods, gravity and aeromagnetic surveys, as well as numerous petrophysical property measurements. To fully leverage the results obtained by these geophysical methods and develop an understanding of the physical property structure, a multisource geophysical data fusion technology is developed. First, various physical property profiles obtained from inversion on the same profile are converted into images with identical resolution and dimension. Then, an image adaptive feature extraction technique based on transfer learning is used to extract features of different scales from multisource images. Subsequently, the fusion image is reconstructed based on the local nearest neighbor weighted average feature fusion rule to obtain the final fusion result. This aids in identifying the spatial appearance pattern of the target for detection. Given the physical characteristics of the mineralized dolomite, which has high density, high resistivity, and high magnetic susceptibility, its location and shape can be defined in the fusion image. The results indicate that the occurrence depth of dolomite can extend up to 1500ย m and the dolomite has a southward tilt as one of its primary structural characteristics. The predicted range of dolomite distribution is consistent with the formation range revealed by drilling, making it a reliable basis for predicting the distribution of rare earth ore bodies.
- Geophysics > Gravity Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Electromagnetic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (0.94)
- Geophysics > Magnetic Surveying > Magnetic Acquisition > Airborne Magnetic Acquisition (0.55)
- Materials > Metals & Mining (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
Abstract Many of the new completion technologies were introduced to address the challenges related to the increasing well complexity and the advancement in the downhole high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) realm. This paper focuses on the evolution of Nonmetallic sealing technologies used in downhole completion tools, from the simple O-ring based chevron stacks to the energized hybrid composite seals. Furthermore, future advances in seal development are discussed to tackle the new corrosive challenging environments. A literature review and subject matter expert input were gathered to study the nonmetallic seal design technologies and tool applications. The topics covered include material selection; chemical and environmental resistance; mechanical design and characteristics; durability and abrasion resistance; rigors of verification and life validation testing; challenging corrosive downhole scenarios for seals; and harnessing the environment to create application-specific seals. Various categories of sealing functions are discussed, including tubing/annulus barriers, static/dynamic sealing configurations, and temporary/permanent applications. Sealing technology selection for every downhole tool in the completion string is crucial to ensure safety, reliability, and profitability of a well completion for its planned life. This paper provides a reference with guidelines and best practices for reservoir and production engineers. Often, collaboration projects between operators and service providers can help in developing tailored and advanced Nonmetallic solutions. An understanding of sealing technology will assist in efficient project execution and curated design assurance.
- Asia > Middle East (0.93)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.29)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.98)
Abstract Non-metallic pipe systems are the perfect option for transporting highly corrosive fluids from oil and gas production which are potentially environmentally hazardous, since they contain volatile organic hydrocarbons. The operation of oil and gas production in agricultural lands is common in Europe and requires permeation tight solutions in order to prevent any kind of environmental contamination. In the past, leakages caused by corrosion damages on carbon steel pipes or by permeation of hydrocarbons through pipes made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) have resulted in environmental damages. In order to prove the suitability of plastic pipes with an integrated aluminum barrier layer tests over a 4-year time period were done in the context of field- and laboratory trials. For the pilot tests performed in a crude oil production system, the oil and water composition was given by the real case. For the systematic laboratory tests, clearly specified test liquids which came as close to providing a representative sample as possible were used. In order to simulate the most severe conditions conceivable, the test liquids were a saturated solution consisting of various volatile hydrocarbons, some of them also chlorinated, and a mixture of pure volatile hydrocarbons with a 10-per-cent share of aromatic toluene. In contrast to single-layer plastic pipes, the pipes featuring a barrier layer were shown to be resistant to permeation of all of the dissolved volatile organic ingredients examined by the tests. These results could be confirmed by the performed pilot test in Romania. Thus, plastic pipes equipped with a metallic barrier layer can be recommended for loss-free transport of aqueous liquids containing hydrocarbons, such as production water in crude oil. Combined with permanent monitoring for the purpose of damage detection, this non-metallic pipe solution complies with even the strictest environmental requirements, thus enabling oil production in environmental sensitive areas and guarantees reliable protection of the environment.
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Waste management (0.94)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (0.68)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Water use, produced water discharge and disposal (0.68)
Abstract This presentation will discuss how the existing corrosion resistant pipeline solutions measure against the performance characteristics required for safe and reliable corrosion-resistant pipelines in the oil and gas industry. This evaluation will survey the performance requirements of corrosion-resistant pipeline solutions considering technical, construction, economic and ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) perspectives and will compare those requirements to the characteristics of the available corrosion-resistant pipeline systems. This presentation also includes a case study covering the use of an innovative factory lined carbon steel pipeline product in a produced water network for a global exploration and production company in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA. As the corrosion-resistant pipeline options are engineered systems that vary in construction, performance, economics and ESG characteristics, this presentation will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the various corrosion-resistant pipeline options and will provide criteria for material selection in order to achieve safe and reliable corrosion-resistant pipelines within the oil and gas industry. This presentation will provide the pipelines professional with relevant considerations to support the decision-making process related to the material selection of corrosion-resistant pipelines.
- North America > United States (0.24)
- North America > Canada > British Columbia (0.24)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.24)
- Materials > Metals & Mining (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Construction & Engineering (1.00)
Dissolver Treatments to Re-Instate Functionality of Subsurface Safety Valves in Water Injection Wells
Hatscher, S. T. (Wintershall Dea Norge AS) | Havrevoll, N. (Wintershall Dea Norge AS) | Herrmann, T. (Wintershall Dea Norge AS) | Gjersdal, S. (Wintershall Dea Norge AS) | Dzhuraev, D. (Wintershall Dea Norge AS) | Torsvik, M. (Wintershall Dea Norge AS)
Abstract The Downhole Safety Valve (DHSV) integrity tests of two water injection wells on the Nova subsea oil field on the Norwegian Continental Shelf failed after one month in operation. One of the two wells, W-1, also showed issues with the Injection Master Valve (IMV). The objective was to re-instate the functionality of all compromised valves as soon as possible. First, the root cause for the malfunction was to be identified. Several hypotheses were developed and assessed, including mechanical and chemical issues. Both injectors (W-1 and W-4) are completed in the oil leg of the reservoir and have been cleaned up to rig before an injection test was conducted. The wells were then suspended for several months prior to initial start-up and commencement of water injection. Although wax inhibition was used during the clean-up, wax deposition at DHSV depth could not be fully discarded. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) has been deployed for hydrate mitigation after the injection tests and during initial well start-up. Pressure data indicated that at least partially, a column inversion within the tubing, from water to hydrocarbons, occurred during the suspension period. This observation gave support to that wax or hydrate deposition might restrict the DHSVs' flappers' movement. Based on this hypothesis, an operation with an Inspection Maintenance and Repair (IMR) vessel was planned, organized and conducted within five weeks after the failed tests. The treatment concept included not only a wax dissolver, but also MEG and heated fluids to combine the benefits of temperature as well as chemical dissolution towards either potential type of deposit. Both wells were treated from the vessel as per plan. The operation successfully re-instated the functionality of all three compromised valves, allowing to safely commence water injection into the reservoir.
- North America > United States (0.47)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea (0.29)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Disposal/Injection (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.67)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Northern North Sea > North Viking Graben > PL 418 > Block 35/9 > Nova Field > Viking Formation > Heather Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Northern North Sea > North Viking Graben > PL 418 > Block 35/9 > Nova Field > Rannoch Formation > Heather Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Northern North Sea > North Viking Graben > PL 418 > Block 35/8 > Nova Field > Viking Formation > Heather Formation (0.99)
- (4 more...)
- Well Completion > Completion Selection and Design > Completion equipment (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Waterflooding (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Inhibition and remediation of hydrates, scale, paraffin / wax and asphaltene (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Flow Assurance > Hydrates (0.86)
The Lockstud System: Characterisation of an Innovative Fastening Technology for Establishing Design Rules
Hagemann, Melanie (University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design, Wismar) | Schwarz, Mathias (Fraunhofer Institute for Large Structures in Production Engineering IGP, Rostock) | Glienke, Ralf (University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design, Wismar) | Schwerdt, Daniela (University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design, Wismar) | Henkel, Knuth-Michael (University of Rostock, Rostock)
_ The mechanical fastener Lockstud system combines the advantages of a bolt thread for making a tapped thread joint with the advantages of a lockbolt. On the tapped thread joining side, the fastener has a metric ISO (International Organization for Standardization) thread. On the assembly side, the fastener has a grooved geometry similar to lockbolts of types A, B, and C. This article presents the results on the mechanical-technological properties, the assembly behaviour, and the loadbearing capacity under static axial load and the fatigue strength (detail category) for the fastener subjected to normal stress of nominal sizes M12, M16, and M20 (strength grade 10.9).
- Materials (0.68)
- Energy (0.46)