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Casing design
ABSTRACT Thin and highly conductive objects are challenging to model in 3D direct-current (DC) problems because they often require excessive mesh refinement that leads to a significant increase in computational costs. RESistor network (RESnet) is a novel algorithm that converts any 3D geo-electric simulation to solving an equivalent 3D resistor network circuit. Two features of RESnet make it an attractive choice in the DC modeling of thin and conductive objects. First, in addition to the conductivity with units of Siemens per meter (S/m) defined at the cell centers (cell conductivity), RESnet allows conductive properties defined on mesh faces and edges as face conductivity with units of S and edge conductivity with units of S·m, respectively. Face conductivity is the thickness-integrated conductivity, which preserves the electric effect of sheet-like conductors without an explicit statement in the mesh. Similarly, edge conductivity is the product of the cross-sectional area and the intrinsic conductivity of a line-like conductive object. Modeling thin objects using face and edge conductivity can avoid extremely small mesh grids if the DC problem concerns electric field responses at a much larger scale. Second, once the original simulation is transformed into an equivalent resistor network, certain types of infrastructure, similar to above-ground metallic pipes, can be conveniently modeled by directly connecting the circuit nodes, which cannot interact with each other in conventional modeling programs. Bilingually implemented in MATLAB and Python, the algorithm has been made open source to promote wide use in academia and industry. Three examples are provided to validate its numerical accuracy, demonstrate its capability in modeling steel well casings, and indicate how it can be used to simulate the effect of complex metallic infrastructure on DC resistivity data.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (0.48)
- (2 more...)
ABSTRACT Energized vertical steel casings have been developed to excite and monitor changes in the electrical properties of resistivity anomalies associated with hydrocarbon production and injection, among other applications. Accordingly, the spatial distribution of the fields expected in the medium surrounding a casing source has received considerable attention. However, investigations of the in-borehole distribution of the fields, currents, and charges have been lacking. Such an analysis is the objective of this work. Inside the borehole, the electric field is dominantly vertical, owing to the azimuthal symmetry of the charge density induced at the inner and outer casing boundaries. At the inner surface, charges accumulate dominantly in the vicinity of the source. At the outer surface, charges distribute along the extent of the casing, driven by the vertical channeling and radial leakage of the current flow. Inductive effects arise as the source oscillates in time, effectively resulting in a vanishing flux of azimuthal magnetic field and switching of the sign of the charge density along the vertical extent of the pipe. The alternating charge distribution yields fields propagating inward and outward within the metallic medium, describing inhomogeneous Zenneck surface waves that can interfere as they propagate and superimpose up and down the borehole. In the surrounding medium, the azimuthal magnetic field is driven by the current flowing vertically along the borehole, whereas a dominantly radial electric field is driven by the charge distributed on the outer casing surface.
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (0.71)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (0.67)
Ensure that logging and testing operations proceed smoothly. Upon completion of this module, the participant should be able to: prepare the well for open-hole logging operations and take steps to ensure that such operations proceed smoothly, alert the wellsite geologist and service company logging engineer of hole conditions that may require modifications or special precautions in the logging program, assist in planning and carrying out a drill stem test, determine safe operating parameters for running a production casing string, plan and carry out a simple single-stage primary cementing operation, use temperature surveys to determine the top of cement in the casing/hole annulus, and outline the steps involved in preparing the well for final completion and releasing the drilling rig.
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (0.74)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Drillstem/well testing (0.67)
Design casing strings and outline cementing requirements. Upon completion of this module, the participant should be able to: select a surface location for a new well and establish an optimal target radius, pick casing points and specify casing and hole diameters for each drilled section, establish a well trajectory in keeping with overall drilling objectives, select casing weights, grades and connections based on consideration of maximum load conditions, determine general requirements for primary cementing operations, and specify wellhead equipment components and their working pressure ratings.
Abstract High-resolution acoustic imaging technology has been developed and deployed to map the downhole location and orientation of fiber optic lines in unconventional oil and gas and carbon capture wells. Fiber optic installations are long term monitoring solutions providing continuous measurement of temperature, sound, or strain. These fiber lines provide significant insight into the operation and optimization of downhole assets but require a large capital investment, typically upwards of a million dollars. By accurately mapping fiber optic lines, operators can prevent damaging or perforating through these costly systems during completion and production operations. High-resolution acoustic imaging technology allows operators to directly locate and map in-situ fiber optic systems at logging speeds up to ten times faster, with high accuracy, and more efficiently than legacy technologies by overcoming the requirement to install additional costly detection components. The unique sensor probe employs a circumferential array design, comprised of up to 512 individual elements which are electronically controlled from advanced imaging software. The integration of machine vision algorithms has led to a 100% success rate at detecting, orientating, and mapping of fiber optic lines to prevent damaging these costly and critical monitoring installations. Through a series of validation tests and field applications, this paper details how the solid-state imaging probe was used to identify the submillimetric indentations made at each fiber clamps installation. These contact points indicate the depth and phase orientation of each clamp in a well, enabling the generation of a high-resolution fiber optics system map. While legacy ultrasonic tools rely on a direct reflection principle, this novel, intra-steel imaging technology measures diffuse acoustic reflections at any point on, or inside of, the casing steel. Diffuse reflections are highly sensitive to indentations and markings on the casing surfaces; this removes the legacy-technology requirements for excessively slow logging speeds and the installation of costly steel detection bars. Following successful validation testing, this technology was field deployed and successfully located, oriented, and mapped all the fiber optic clamps ahead of perforating the casing of a carbon capture well. The platform imaged and mapped over 2,060 clamp contact points with a sub-radian azimuthal or phase resolution. In addition to this, high- resolution acoustics have shown fiber optic systems wrap around the casing circumference multiple times, highlighting the inability for fiber optic systems to be accurately installed and oriented. Using this dataset, the operator effectively executed subsequent perforation activities without damaging the fiber optic lines used to monitor the well and reservoir.
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Borehole Seismic Surveying (0.92)
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (1.00)
- Well Completion > Completion Installation and Operations > Perforating (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > CO2 capture and sequestration (1.00)
- (4 more...)
Sour-Rated 10,000-psi System High-Temperature Gas Development Wells: Sustaining the Malaysian National Gas Supply Through a Journey of Optimization in North Malay Basin
Jong, Siaw Chuan (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V. (Corresponding author)) | Aziz, Khairil Faiz Abdul (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Goo, Jia Jun (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Hiew, Ronnie (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Strickland, Kenny (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Hussin, Arief (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Yusof, Khazimad (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Macleod, Andy (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Yusoff, Syukur (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Chung, Chay Yoeng (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.) | Liew, Alex (Hess Exploration and Production Malaysia B.V.)
Summary High temperature (HT), high carbon dioxide (CO2) coupled with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) contents, and rapid pore pressure fracture gradient (PPFG) pressure ramp increase in gas development wells can lead to significant capital expenditures for operators. Such wells typically need high corrosion resistance alloy material with at least a 10,000-psi (10-ksi)-rated system to complete. The deep reservoirs of the North Malay Basin, offshore peninsular Malaysia, also fall into the described category. In this paper, we aim to share the optimization journey, applications, and learnings of the company’s HT sour-rated 10-ksi gas development wells through several phases, besides fulfilling the gas delivery need for the country. In addition, we identify engineering and operational optimizations to reduce the well’s time and cost while upholding the safety of the crew as a top priority. The sour-rated HT gas development campaign for the company began in the year 2017, followed by a second campaign in the year 2018. Our focus centers on the third campaign, which concluded in the year 2022. A total of four, three, and four wells were drilled and completed in the first, second, and third campaigns respectively. The company’s wells engineering team applied Lean methodologies that covered the entire Plan-Do-Check-Adjust cycle to achieve optimization. Using well data, learning from experiences, working together, maintaining consistency, and pursuing ongoing enhancements are the main factors that ensure positive optimization outcomes. Fit-for-purpose drilling and completions equipment design and application, rig offline capabilities planning, wellhead dummy hanger plug design for offline cementing, intervention-less production packer setting device, offline annulus nitrogen cushion fluids displacement, and other applications will be explained in the paper. In this paper, we describe the operational challenges faced and outline the applied optimizations that led to significant improvements in the well performance compared with targets and previous campaigns. The optimization efforts by the wells team extended from the engineering phase to the execution stage, including the use of in-house digital capabilities to monitor well performance, in alignment with industry practice. The recent campaign post-optimization concluded with no safety incidents, average per well more than 48 days ahead with 39% lower cost than previous campaigns, average of 5.6% overall well nonproductive time (NPT), and achieved first gas to meet the country’s power generation demand. Furthermore, the motivating optimization results also coupled with 25% more production results compared with the prognosed. The positive results of this optimization journey were significantly influenced by transparent, collaborative, and proactive communication across different departments.
- Asia > Malaysia > South China Sea (0.61)
- Asia > Malaysia > Kelantan > South China Sea > Gulf of Thailand (0.61)
The purpose of this article is to advocate the application of process design method and documentation (PDM&D) to well design and construction, what "drilling" broadly covers, and thereby align with and take advantage of the approach to design and construction used elsewhere in the oil and gas (O&G) industry. PDM&D is widely used in engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) firms for the design of refineries, chemical process plants, offshore topsides, storage facilities, etc. To date, it is not used in well drilling. While well drilling and construction is different from what is done with process design in the wider oil, gas, chemical, and other industries, process design is adaptable and can be applied in many situations involving the flow of measurable things. The elements of it can be used in models of small, large, simple, or complex constructions.
Energized vertical steel-casings have been proposed to excite and monitor changes to the electrical properties of resistivity anomalies associated with hydrocarbon production and CO2 injection, among other. Accordingly, the spatial distribution of the fields expected in the medium surrounding a casing-source have received considerable attention. Investigations of the in-borehole distribution of the fields, currents and charges, have been however lacking. Such analysis is the focus of this work. Inside the borehole the electric field is dominantly vertical, owe it to the azimuthal symmetry of the charge density induced at the inner and outer casing boundaries. At the inner surface charges accumulate dominantly in the vicinity of the source. At the outer surface charges distribute along the extent of the casing, driven by the vertical channeling and radial leakage of the current flow. Inductive effects arise as the source oscillates in time, effectively resulting in a vanishing flux of azimuthal magnetic field and switching of the sign of the charge density along the vertical extent of the pipe. The alternating charge distribution yields fields propagating inward-outward within the metallic medium, describing inhomogeneous Zenneck surface waves, which can interfere as they propagate and superimpose up and down the borehole. In the surrounding medium the azimuthal magnetic field is driven by the current flowing vertically along the borehole, whereas a dominantly radial electric field is driven by the charge distributed on the outer casing surface.
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (0.84)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (0.77)
Drilling and Well Construction in Lean Clearances in Northern Region of Pakistan
Iftikhar, Ali (Mari Petroleum Company Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan) | Nasrumminallah, Muhammad (Mari Petroleum Company Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan) | Rasheed, Hassaan (Dowell Schlumberger, Islamabad, Pakistan) | Sabir, Shahid Majeed (Weatherford Oil Tools ME, Islamabad, Pakistan) | Sharif, Yasir (Weatherford Oil Tools ME, Islamabad, Pakistan)
Abstract Subject well is an exploratory well with a target depth of +/- 6000M, in one of the most challenging northern region of Pakistan. Well has multiple challenges with regards to drilling and well construction the least to mention are losses, borehole instability, intercalated formations, with steep dips along with a fault. Lean clearances in a five Casing Strings well construction were a requirement to isolate the problematic zones for safe drilling, this included running of longest 16" Liner for the first time in Pakistan, borehole enlargement of 14 3/4" to 16", later on running of 13 5/8" Flush x 13 3/8" coupled connection casing with narrow annular clearance, with customized Cementing Job to avoid surging. Running of 16" liner, drilling and construction of next section called for robust technical applications that includes drilling with aerated mud, running of 16" Liner with liner hanger for the first time in Pakistan, borehole enlargement while overcoming the various challenges as various formations (limestone, Sandstones, Clays) were drilled and later enlarged using hydraulic Under Reamer. Fit for purpose mud was used while drilling and further optimized to solid free for the smooth running of 13 5/8" × 13 3/8" Casing through lean clearance of 16" Liner. Casing running strategy has been devised to avoid Surge to formation at the same time ensuring it gets to bottom without any held up. The objectives of the section were met successfully. The paper will serve as a platform for other Operating companies in Pakistan to benefit from the lessons learnt and best drilling practices
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (0.90)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations > Running and setting casing (0.71)
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (0.70)
- Well Drilling > Drillstring Design > Torque and drag analysis (0.69)
Abstract A new solution to the increasingly important issue of surface casing vent flow (SCVF), a biocementation process involving the squeezing of biomineralizing fluids was utilized on a Canadian well. Initially developed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose of sealing leaks in carbon sequestration wells, this technology has been utilized in over 100 oil and gas wells across the United States and Canada to seal and repair damaged cement, restore wellbore integrity, and prevent the unwanted flow of hydrocarbons up the production and surface casing annular. The following paper represents a case study detailing a risk-based approach and field deployment assessing the technology's effectiveness on a well in Alberta. Abandonment operations which began on a well in Alberta, Canada in 2020 consisted of a series of zonal isolation plugs and cement retainer squeezes to eliminate surface casing vent flow. In March of 2023, with the vent flow still persistent at approximately 1 m3/day with 154 kPa build pressure, nonroutine abandonment operations began. The two previous cement retainer squeezes were drilled out down to the Mannville formation so new logs could be run. Biomineralization was identified as a viable solution to address SCVF on the well after initial analysis of the well indicated the presence of small aperture channels in the cemented annulus. In July 2023, the well was prepared for an annular squeeze utilizing biomineralization technology, and treatment commenced. Biomineralizing fluids were injected in intervals over the course of 48 hours, reducing injectivity by forming crystalline calcium carbonate, which has a similar chemical composition to limestone, to seal leakage pathways and eliminate gas flow. Over the course of treatment, 219 L of biomineralizing fluids were pushed into leakage pathways, with the injection rate reduced from 0.776 lpm to 0.026 lpm, constituting a 97% reduction. The injection rates, pressures, and total volumes at the conclusion of treatment indicated successful sealing of micron-sized channels. Vent monitoring technology confirmed this via a steady reduction in flow over the course of treatment, and the total elimination of flow and bubbles at surface just seven days later. Biomineralization technology has been used as a solution for sealing and repairing micro annuli and other channels in annular cement by several operators to eliminate surface casing vent flow in Canada.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.88)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Western Canada Foreland Basin > Second White Specks Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin > Deep Basin > Mannville Formation (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > Sabinas - Rio Grande Basin > Colorado Field (0.89)
- Well Drilling > Casing and Cementing > Casing design (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Safety > Operational safety (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (1.00)