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The recent significant influx of large amounts of government incentives for a variety of green initiatives including CCS and CCUS has created a rush to drill and complete CO2 injection wells. However, the necessary corrosion data to make informed choices for corrosion resistance in these wells is minimal at best. Some oil and gas professionals have argued that there is no difference between the more than 40 years of petroleum experience with CO2 EOR and planned CCS wells. This comparison is not a valid one and can be risky considering the need for very long-term containment of CO2 required by regulators. This article presents a comparison between CO2 EOR and CCS for injection well metallurgy and explains why this comparison is invalid.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.33)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Mission Canyon Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Madison Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Forbisher Formation (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin > Weyburn Field > Charles Formation:Middale Formation (0.99)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > CO2 capture and sequestration (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Chemical flooding methods (1.00)
- (3 more...)
Sand production is a worldwide problem that results in billions of dollars of losses due to delayed/lost production and workover costs. Various techniques are available to control sand production, but gravel packing is recognized as one of the most reliable, so long as a complete pack is achieved in the annulus around the screens. However, as gravel pack applications extend to more challenging environments, including longer intervals and deep water, higher pressures and tighter pore/frac pressure windows are increasing the risk of bridging and making it more difficult to achieve complete packs. Placement technique selection and treatment design are therefore more critical than ever, the key to which lies in the ability to accurately model downhole process to fully understand the potential risks, identify their mitigation measures and assess the benefits of applying the latest technology. Ultimately, optimal technique selection is a balance between cost and perceived risk for any given well.
The most important data for designing a fracture treatment are the in-situ stress profile, formation permeability, fluid-loss characteristics, total fluid volume pumped,propping agent type and amount, pad volume, fracture-fluid viscosity, injection rate, and formation modulus. It is very important to quantify the in-situ stress profile and the permeability profile of the zone to be stimulated, plus the layers of rock above and below the target zone that will influence fracture height growth. There is a structured method that should be followed to design, optimize, execute, evaluate, and reoptimize the fracture treatments in any reservoir. The first step is always the construction of a complete and accurate data set.Table 1 lists the sources for the data required to run fracture propagation and reservoir models. The design engineer must be capable of analyzing logs, cores, production data, and well-test data and be capable of digging through well files to obtain all the information needed to design and evaluate the well that is to be hydraulically fracture treated.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Multiple-frequency attribute blending via adaptive uniform manifold approximation and projection and its application on hydrocarbon reservoir delineation
Liu, Naihao (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Zhang, Zezhou (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Zhang, Haoran (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Wang, Zhiguo (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Gao, Jinghuai (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Liu, Rongchang (PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED)) | Zhang, Nan (Yumen Oilfield Company)
ABSTRACT Multifrequency attribute blending is a highly effective tool for characterizing hydrocarbon reservoirs. It begins by extracting multifrequency attributes of seismic data based on time-frequency transformation. Subsequently, a blending algorithm is used to fuse the extracted multifrequency components, thereby obtaining the interpretation results of the interested reservoirs. The red-green-blue (RGB) algorithm is commonly used to fuse the multifrequency components. However, it should be noted that the RGB blending algorithm can only fuse three frequency components, i.e., the low-, middle-, and high-frequency components. Moreover, it can occasionally introduce ambiguities, making it difficult to interpret areas that appear white or yellow. To address these issues, we develop a workflow for multiple-frequency component analysis to delineate hydrocarbon reservoirs. First, we apply the generalized S-transform to obtain the multiple-frequency components of seismic data. Then, the correlation analysis is developed and implemented to select the sensitive frequency components. Finally, we use the uniform manifold approximation and projection, a nonlinear dimension reduction algorithm, to blend the extracted multiple-frequency components and obtain reservoir interpretation results. We apply the suggested workflow to synthetic data and a 3D field data volume to evaluate its effectiveness. Our mathematical analysis demonstrates that the suggested workflow can effectively fuse multiple-frequency components to accurately characterize hydrocarbon reservoirs.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.46)
- Oceania > New Zealand > South Island > South Pacific Ocean > Canterbury Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Shanxi > Ordos Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Shaanxi > Ordos Basin (0.99)
- (5 more...)
Multiple-frequency attribute blending via adaptive uniform manifold approximation and projection and its application on hydrocarbon reservoir delineation
Liu, Naihao (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Zhang, Zezhou (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Zhang, Haoran (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Wang, Zhiguo (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Gao, Jinghuai (Xi’an Jiaotong University) | Liu, Rongchang (PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED)) | Zhang, Nan (Yumen Oilfield Company)
ABSTRACT Multifrequency attribute blending is a highly effective tool for characterizing hydrocarbon reservoirs. It begins by extracting multifrequency attributes of seismic data based on time-frequency transformation. Subsequently, a blending algorithm is used to fuse the extracted multifrequency components, thereby obtaining the interpretation results of the interested reservoirs. The red-green-blue (RGB) algorithm is commonly used to fuse the multifrequency components. However, it should be noted that the RGB blending algorithm can only fuse three frequency components, i.e., the low-, middle-, and high-frequency components. Moreover, it can occasionally introduce ambiguities, making it difficult to interpret areas that appear white or yellow. To address these issues, we develop a workflow for multiple-frequency component analysis to delineate hydrocarbon reservoirs. First, we apply the generalized S-transform to obtain the multiple-frequency components of seismic data. Then, the correlation analysis is developed and implemented to select the sensitive frequency components. Finally, we use the uniform manifold approximation and projection, a nonlinear dimension reduction algorithm, to blend the extracted multiple-frequency components and obtain reservoir interpretation results. We apply the suggested workflow to synthetic data and a 3D field data volume to evaluate its effectiveness. Our mathematical analysis demonstrates that the suggested workflow can effectively fuse multiple-frequency components to accurately characterize hydrocarbon reservoirs.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.46)
- Oceania > New Zealand > South Island > South Pacific Ocean > Canterbury Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Shanxi > Ordos Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Shaanxi > Ordos Basin (0.99)
- (5 more...)
Abstract High sour fields beyond 10% H2S concentration are considered one of the severe environments that require suitable tubular components and accessories in upstream environment to ensure sustainable production. Such environments represent a challenging operating envelop where durability and safety are the top concerns due to higher H2S concentration at a higher partial pressure and higher temperature (HPHT). The risk is amplified for the wells with higher than 10% H2S concentration, namely the High H2S wells, and those exceeding 25% H2S concentration which are typically labeled as Ultra-High H2S wells. Corrosion in gas operations can be aggravated in downhole where high H2S at higher temperatures pose additional challenges. Selection of proper material to ensure a sustainable well condition is one of the important elements for the development of these HPHT gas wells. Various challenges were identified, including the selection of cost-effective material which is capable of withstanding short and long term H2S and CO2 partial pressures as well as control generalized CO2 corrosion, sulfide stress cracking (SSC), and stress-oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). With the advancement of Non-Metallics (NM) materials in several applications across the O&G sector, it holds a promise to provide an alternative material solution in lieu of CRA alloy material for the HPHT downhole applications. NM materials are lightweight and they can be designed to withstand higher strength capability in addition to their outstanding corrosion resistance properties in a high H2S environment. Moreover, they can be engineered to fulfill the intended application due to their high design flexibility and durability. In the downhole applications, there is a number of NM products that have been implemented in sour environments, including sealants as well as downhole accessories and tools, where the list of NM technologies is considerably growing. This paper highlights the concept of using NM products such as coiled tubulars, pressure control equipment and elastomers as well as the challenges on the development and deployment of these key components in high sour fields.
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (0.29)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia (0.28)
Abstract Many of the new completion technologies were introduced to address the challenges related to the increasing well complexity and the advancement in the downhole high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) realm. This paper focuses on the evolution of Nonmetallic sealing technologies used in downhole completion tools, from the simple O-ring based chevron stacks to the energized hybrid composite seals. Furthermore, future advances in seal development are discussed to tackle the new corrosive challenging environments. A literature review and subject matter expert input were gathered to study the nonmetallic seal design technologies and tool applications. The topics covered include material selection; chemical and environmental resistance; mechanical design and characteristics; durability and abrasion resistance; rigors of verification and life validation testing; challenging corrosive downhole scenarios for seals; and harnessing the environment to create application-specific seals. Various categories of sealing functions are discussed, including tubing/annulus barriers, static/dynamic sealing configurations, and temporary/permanent applications. Sealing technology selection for every downhole tool in the completion string is crucial to ensure safety, reliability, and profitability of a well completion for its planned life. This paper provides a reference with guidelines and best practices for reservoir and production engineers. Often, collaboration projects between operators and service providers can help in developing tailored and advanced Nonmetallic solutions. An understanding of sealing technology will assist in efficient project execution and curated design assurance.
- Asia > Middle East (0.93)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.29)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.98)
The rms velocity function shown in Figure 3.1-8 was used in equation (2b) for this correction. As a result of the NMO correction, a frequency distortion occurs, particularly for shallow events and at large offsets. This is called NMO stretching and is illustrated in Figure 3.1-10. The waveform with a dominant period T is stretched so that its period T0, after NMO correction, is greater than T. Stretching is a frequency distortion in which events are shifted to lower frequencies. The derivation of equation (6) is given in Section C.1.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
Figure 8.2-1 shows a velocity-depth model for a salt pillow. The aspect ratio of the horizontal and vertical axes is 1; hence, the diagram exhibits the true shape of the diapiric structure. The model can be treated in three parts -- the constant-velocity overburden above the salt, the salt diapir itself, and the substratum that includes the flat reflector below. So far as the flat reflector is concerned, the salt diapir constitutes a complex overburden structure with strong lateral velocity variations. Note the significant velocity contrast across the top-salt boundary and the undulating reflector geometry of the base-salt boundary -- both give rise to ray bending that can only be handled by imaging in depth.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)