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Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility
- Well Completion > Acidizing (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (0.40)
Synthesis of Green Polyethylene Glycol-Lauric Acid Demulsifier from a Natural Source and Its Application in Demulsification of Field Emulsion: Experimental and Modeling Approach
Dhandhi, Yogesh (Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)) | Naiya, Tarun Kumar (Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) (Corresponding author))
Summary Green demulsifier was synthesized through an esterification technique by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fatty acid (lauric acid). The synthesized demulsifier was characterized through several tests to analyze the functional groups and determined the molecular structure, thermal stability, and biodegradability of the demulsifier molecule. The performance of the synthesized demulsifier was investigated using the standard static bottle test method to break the water-in-oil (W/O) tight emulsion. Optical microscopic and viscosity studies of emulsions were also performed to understand the demulsification process and mechanism. Based on the response surface method (RSM), central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the statistical model of demulsification efficiency by considering the four most influencing factors—demulsifier concentration, water content, settling time, and temperature—and to examine the optimal condition for maximum water separation from the emulsion. The statistical model’s accuracy and significance were evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and diagnostic plots. The effect of each factor was analyzed through 3D graphs and contour maps. The result indicates that all the factors significantly influenced the demulsification efficiency with a p-value of <0.0001, among which the presence of water is the dominating variable. At the optimal condition, the lauric acid-PEG-demulsifier (LPED) achieves a maximum demulsification efficiency of 95% in 30.9 minutes. Furthermore, the percent absolute deviation was computed after comparing the experimental findings to those predicted by the model and it was observed that the model’s prediction accuracy was >97%. Finally, the biodegradability test results showed that the developed demulsifier is completely biodegradable in 21 days. Because the synthesized demulsifier is eco-friendly and has an excellent dehydration rate, it may be used in the petroleum industry for breaking field-tight emulsions as an alternative to chemical demulsifiers.
- North America > United States (0.67)
- Asia (0.46)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Separation and treating (1.00)
Impacts of Water-In-Oil Emulsion and Stage Equilibrium for Produced Water Analysis with Benchtop XRF
Gallo, V. C. C. (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Alvim, E. D. (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Dias Neto, J. M (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Simoes Neto, S. (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Moura, V. B (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Ursini, C. V (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Yamamura, V. D (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Andrela, D. H (Petrobras, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil)
Abstract This paper presents the main findings of continuous monitoring with benchtop XRF (X-ray Fluorescence) to assess produced water composition from different process streams in a FPSO operating in Brazil (offshore). Produced water analysis is a vital aspect of scaling control protocols and is widely adopted in the offshore industry to conduct routine laboratory analysis based on ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) and IC (Ion Chromatography) for evaluating water composition. However, due to extended lead times and logistical costs, an offshore analysis method has been used for assessing produced water composition using XRF. The main purpose of an on-site approach is to provide fast and accurate results for produced water composition, which allows to identify subtle changes in composition due to changes in well composition or process arrangement. The continuous monitoring with XRF revealed the existence of a non-equilibrium condition at the separation stages (process vessels) related to the existence of a "persistent" (treatment-resistant) water-in-oil emulsion. This condition caused the composition of the produced water to largely deviate from the expected values based on well composition. As the emulsion presented high ionic concentration (due to a specific well), it was verified higher concentration throughout the plant. At the latter separation stages, ionic concentration (e.g., calcium) was 30% higher than the blend would suggest. To understand the condition observed at the separation vessels, it was performed an ionic characterization of the emulsified water at the oil phase (water below 1% volume) and the separated free aqueous phase that were in contact at each stage, revealing that they didn't have the same compositions (i.e., were not in equilibrium). XRF analysis revealed a higher ionic concentration in emulsified water than in the free aqueous phase, indicating an ionic distribution profile at each stage caused by the presence of emulsion. The possibility to perform on-site water compositional analysis was also important during the early production days of a new water producing well, as it was possible to closely monitor its produced water composition evolution over time and its impact on the production blend overall composition, which would take months to be assessed with the current procedure due to logistics and laboratory lead time. It is a common approach to assume that water composition through the separation stages is the same, being the direct result of the contribution of each well. This study shows that depending on the water cut, well characteristics and process conditions, there is a significant variation on the cations and anions distribution. The results show that emulsion and stage equilibrium are key factors on how the ions behave among water/oil phases. It is also presented the importance of early monitoring during the start of the water production by new wells and its contribution to the overall composition, as well as sudden changes in well composition may also happen due to reservoir changes and can be prompt identified with an on-site monitoring equipment.
- Research Report > New Finding (0.88)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.88)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Water use, produced water discharge and disposal (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Separation and treating (1.00)
The Use of Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction of Water in Oil Emulsions' Viscosity from Brazilian Light Oils
Oliveira, Rafael da Silva (Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil, Kongsberg Maritime do Brasil) | Souza, Troner Assenheimer de (Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.) | Ahón, Victor Rolando Ruiz (Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.)
Abstract Brazilian offshore activity has increased substantially in recent years, with many new oil fields being developed, and there is also a significant investment in the maintenance and optimization of existing ones. In all cases, the presence of water-in-oil emulsions during oil production is a critical issue, causing pressure drops in subsea lines and adding complexity to petroleum processing, resulting in a loss of productivity and quality of the produced oil. The factors mentioned can determine the technical and economic viability of offshore oil production, so predicting this property is crucial for both the project and operational stages, although it is not an easy task to accomplish. Several empirical correlations are present in the open literature to predict the viscosity of emulsions, but usually, they are not accurate enough to be directly applied to Brazilian oils. In this paper, a machine learning approach based on the review of the literature and good practices used in the oil and gas industry and other engineering fields is proposed to predict water in oil emulsions viscosity. Was utilized 726 data points of light oil from different Brazilian fields to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The input variables for the regression problem were temperature, water cut, shear rate, and °API, while the output was the relative viscosity of the emulsion. The Python programming language was used for statistical treatment, data processing, mathematical modeling, and resolution of the presented problem. After training the ANN, the resulting model demonstrated good performance, with a coefficient of determination (R) above 0.99 for the data used for testing. The final model obtained underwent cross-validation and the mean value for R was also above 0.99, proving the methodology's capability to create generic models for the presented problem.
- South America > Brazil (0.69)
- North America > United States > New York (0.28)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems > Neural networks (1.00)
How to Deal with Problems Caused by Low-Temperature of Arrival Produced Fluids?
Khalil de Oliveira, Marcia C. (PETROBRAS Research, Development, and Innovation Center) | Karnitz, Osvaldo (PETROBRAS Research, Development, and Innovation Center) | Miranda, Daniele F. S. (PETROBRAS Research, Development, and Innovation Center) | Marques, Luiz C. C. (PETROBRAS Research, Development, and Innovation Center) | Simões, Saul (PETROBRAS Santos Basin Operacional Production Team) | Alvim, Eduardo D. (PETROBRAS Santos Basin Operacional Production Team)
Objective and scope In different production scenarios, the partial shutting of the choke valve can be a suitable alternative to sustain the oil production rate in case of high gas-oil ratio (GOR) or excessive gas production. However, it has been observed that this procedure can lead both produced liquids: oil and water, to out-of-spec conditions, thus causing production losses and hurdles to water management and disposal, especially in offshore production installations where the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and the operational costs (OPEX) are traditionally high. To shed light on this problem a comprehensive evaluation of the produced fluids properties was carried out. Also, both pressure and temperature profiles along the production process were monitored. The big change noticed by the operation team was the sharp temperature drop (< 20°C) of the produced fluids arriving at the topside facilities when the wells were choked-down This thermodynamic phenomenon is provoked by gas expansion, the so-called Joule-Thomson (cooling) effect. In this way, a series of lab tests were performed to mimic the operational field conditions. After analyzing the lab results, an alternative solution was proposed to avoid the drawback of producing out-of-spec fluids, whenever necessary to partially close the choke valve during oil and gas production. This is especially true when waxy crude oils are produced at low temperatures, thence increasing the probability of formation of both Pickering-type- and/or viscous- emulsions.
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Water use, produced water discharge and disposal (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Separation and treating (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (0.87)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (0.73)
Subsea Chemical Injection Pump. an Intensive Qualification Program
Esquiva, I. (TotalEnergies, Pau, Saclay and Le Havre, France) | Rondon, M. (TotalEnergies, Pau, Saclay and Le Havre, France) | Garcia, F. (TotalEnergies, Pau, Saclay and Le Havre, France) | Thorkildsen, B. (TechnipFMC, Lysaker, Norway) | Folkner, S. (TechnipFMC, Lysaker, Norway) | Borosch, D. (Hammelmann, Oelde, Germany)
Abstract The objective of this research and development program is to qualify for 3000 mWD the chemical injection pump, one of the main key components of the subsea chemical storage and injection station (SCS&I). The development of the SCS&I system responds to the need to develop oil and gas reservoirs at deeper water depths and further distances from host or from shore and to reduce CAPEX and GHG released associated. Indeed, one of the high CAPEX of a subsea project and a weak point during operation is the umbilical chemical lines. Storing the chemicals close to the wells will reduce the umbilical cross section and cost and avoid plugging of those lines. The development of the SCS&I is an enabler for "all electrical" simplified architecture, reducing both costs and GHG emissions. This qualification is a first for a high dosage chemical pump under subsea environmental conditions. The HAMPRO® 70V injection pump from Hammelmann was selected as the most promising pump for marinization and qualification for 3000 mWD. Its big advantage is that the contact between the oil used for lubrication and cooling of the pump and motor is separated from the chemical pumped fluid by sealed bellows. The other advantage is that its duty allows the injection of high rate, batch injected chemical products like methanol, and at the same time its design allows reducing the piston diameters and stroke giving the flexibility to inject low dosage chemical products. The pump has been modified for its marinization. For installation subsea, it is capital to ensure its robustness regarding the high external pressure and discharge pressure, but also reliability of the chemically exposed parts, the pump and motor rotating parts and the impact of lubricant performance, the reliability of the electrical components and finally the impact of transient behaviors on the pressure compensation system. To assure all these aspects, a complete R&D qualification program has been launched. This program includes short term batch operation with high flow rate and high differential pressure, long term continuous operation with low or high differential pressure and finally, transient operation with large variation in differential pressure but also different strokes imposed to the pump. The program is to be completed with a hyperbaric performance test and specific endurance tests performed to ensure the bellows robustness. For endurance testing, the pumps have already been running for more than 2000 hours. This paper will describe the main findings and support the qualification required for subsea use.
- South America > Brazil (0.46)
- Europe (0.31)
- Well Completion > Completion Installation and Operations (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (1.00)
- (2 more...)
Abstract A process of breaking ‘water in oil’ type of emulsions by using demulsifiers based on bio and biobased surfactants and comparison of their effectiveness with commercial demulsifier presented by creation of: five bio demulsifiers, ‘water in oil’ type emulsion and conduction of the analyze of: the impact of those agents on process of emulsion breaking by using the thermochemical method and comparison it with effectiveness of commercial one and an optimal doze of active compound in demulsifier which allows to effectively break emulsion. Testing set consists of: Oil samples from ‘Jaszczew’ field with different dozes of demulsifiers, source of biosurfactants, commercial demulsifiers in order to compare effectiveness between them, stirrer to mix brine with oil and water bath with thermostat. Research part consists of creating w/o emulsion which is stabile in time and does not break under influence of gravity in short time, creation of bio demulsifiers based on chosen sources of bio surfactants like for example soapwort, coconut betaine and lauryl glucoside, and mixed with brine (around 30 % of NaCl), choosing optimal concentration of source of surfactant which would allow to break emulsion instead of stabilizing it, and too chose optimal temperature of process, in range between 20-60 C, which enhance decrease of viscosity of emulsion. The performance of biodemulsifier Is compared with performance of commercial demulsifier. Comparisons are also provided for optimal ranges in which demulsifiers act like emulsion breakers and outside of which start acting like emulsifier.
- Materials > Chemicals > Specialty Chemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.93)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation (1.00)
pH Responsiveness of Microwave Polymer-Type Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Synergistic Emulsion-Breaking Effect on Thick Oil
Sun, Nana (Xi’An Shiyou University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs (Corresponding author)) | Shen, Lisha (Xi’An Shiyou University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs) | Sun, Huina (Xi’An Shiyou University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs) | Hu, Jianbo (Xi’An Shiyou University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs)
Summary In this study, a polymeric magnetic emulsion-breaking compound of ferric tetroxide and cationic polyacrylamide (Fe3O4@CPAM) was designed and synthesized, and its functional groups, chemical bonding, magnetic properties, and thermal stability were characterized. Finally, the pH-responsive behavior of the microwave-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in terms of their demulsification effect on thick oil-in-water emulsions was investigated using the morphology and distribution of oil droplets, zeta potential, and contact angle of the MNPs. The results showed that with increasing pH, the water separation of the emulsion initially decreased and then increased, and the best emulsion-breaking effect was achieved at pH 3. The highest water partition of the emulsion was 64.39% at a concentration of 175 mg/L for Fe3O4 MNPs alone before modification. Under the same conditions, the water separation rate of the emulsion for Fe3O4@CPAM was 78.95%, indicating that, compared with the conventional demulsification method, microwaves can promote oil-water separation. The highest water separation rate of MNPs before microwave modification was 85% at pH 3, whereas the water separation rate of MNPs after microwave modification reached 94.70% under the same conditions. This proves that microwaves and modified MNPs have a synergistic emulsion-breaking effect, mainly because the combination of microwaves and polymer modification enhances the hydrophobicity and neutralizes the charge of the MNPs, thus improving the emulsion-breaking efficiency.
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.68)
Revival of an Oil Well with Successful Water Shut Off by Novel Placement Technique of Exclusively Optimized Cross-Linked Polymer
Pandit, Vikrant Daksh (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) | Gupta, Vinod Kumar (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) | Betanabelli, Nagiresu (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) | Sutaria, Ishaq (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) | Saklani, Diksha (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation)
Abstract Excessive water production is a major problem worldwide for petroleum industry as it increases operating and production cost in terms of lifting and processing cost per barrel of oil. Presence of micro channels behind the casing due to poor cementation, which sometime become irreparable by secondary cementation, are common cause for water entry into the well bore. The problem was addressed with exclusively designed organic polymeric gel system with its novel placement. To find out the reason of high water production, the well was analyzed comprehensively and methodically with the help of structural contour map, conventional well log data, production performance, SBT-USIT log, VDL, pulsar test and work over history. Low viscous deep penetrating polymer was optimized in the laboratory. Further the optimized polymer was cross-linked with organic cross linkers to achieve well specific polymeric gel system to invade into micro channels and block them. The Polymeric gel system was placed into the micro channels with the help of shale layers through appropriate job designing and execution. The well K-X of "K" Field (India) faced high water production in its early stage of production. The initial production rate in the well was Qo: 170 m3/d with 10% water cut. Within one week of production, water cut started rising and reached to 100% in a month. High water cut in the well was found due to entry of extraneous water and bottom water into the well bore from upper and lower part of perforations through micro channels behind the casing which could not be repaired with two attempts of secondary cementation. The task of curtailing extraneous water and bottom water entry into the well bore was successfully accomplished by water shut off job execution using organic cross-linked polymeric gel system and its novel placement in the reservoir. On activation after water shut off job, the well was put on sustained production of 63 m3/d oil along with negligible water production. The well flowed with its peak production of 81m3/d with 3.5 % water cut after job and resulted in incremental oil gain of more than 35,000 m3 in two years. The novelty of this job lies in the approach of repairing of cement behind casing with polymeric gel system when attempts of secondary cementations become unsuccessful. Novelty also exists in optimization of well specific gel system and ensuring their penetration into micro channels with appropriate designing of job plan and its execution.
- Asia > India > Maharashtra > Arabian Sea > Bombay Offshore Basin > Bassein Field (0.99)
- Asia > India > Andhra Pradesh > Bay of Bengal > Krishna-Godavari Basin (0.99)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Conformance improvement (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Formation Evaluation & Management > Open hole/cased hole log analysis (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well Operations and Optimization > Produced water management and control (1.00)
- (3 more...)
Robotic Screening of Demulsifier Chemistries with an Enhanced-Chemical-Profile
Oskarsson, H. (Nouryon Surface Chemistry, Stenungsund, Sweden) | Smout, M. (Nouryon Performance Formulations, Deventer, The Netherlands) | Hellberg, P. E. (Nouryon Surface Chemistry, Stenungsund, Sweden) | Mostafa, A. (Nouryon Performance Formulations, Dubai, UAE) | Moghaddam, R. Nazari (Nouryon Performance Formulations, Deventer, The Netherlands)
Abstract New developed demulsifiers having an Enhanced-Chemical-Profile e.g., cleavable ester or amide bondings which are better biodegradable in seawater, demonstrate to be viable alternatives for conventional oxyalkylate demulsifiers. The Enhanced-Chemical-Profile demulsifiers, have different chemistries and act as stand-alone solution. They demonstrate strong synergy with other Enhanced-Chemical-Profile chemistries as well as conventional oxyalkylate chemistries. Their performance has been benchmarked against a set of oxyalkylate demulsifiers utilizing a robotic screenings test The Robot screening method has proven to be an adequate tool for the screening of demulsification propagation for demulsifiers with different chemistries. The automated protocol replaces a manual operator for the homogenization and time-resolved data collection. From the obtained Turbiscan data, the waterdrop and bs-dryness are extracted which are good descriptors to classify demulsifier performance. The robot screening waterdrop data has a high correlation with manual executed bottle tests. The method could potentially be applied for physio-chemical demuslifier studies.
- Europe (0.29)
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (0.28)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Downhole chemical treatments and fluid compatibility (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
- (4 more...)