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SUMMARY THE paper describes the methods usually employed on tankers in calculating the quantity of bulk cargo in the various compartments.. Possible errors are more numerous than with shore tanks, and the methods of avoiding or minimising these errors are described. The same degree of accuracy is obtained less readily on ships' measurements than on shore, but experience has produced a system that meets all practical requirements. Matters discussed include the design of tankers, the construction of calibration scales for the tanks, the correct placing of dip ports, the relative advantages of ullaging as compared with dipping, methods of obtaining true average samples of the oil for temperature and gravity determinations, the problems involved in water-finding, the effects of trim and list of the ship, and of distortion of the bulkheads, among other less important points. During recent years much consideration has been given by shipowners in co-operation with shipbuilders with the object of eliminating error as far as possible in the calculation of quantities of oil in bulk contained in the tanks of oil-carrying vessels, with the result that with carefully prepared calibration scales of the cargo tanks, improved ships' pumping equipment resulting in better draining and with more careful placing of fittings on board from which measurements of the cargo are taken, actual discrepancies between intake and outturn are reduced to a minimum. (1) Calibration of Ships' Tanks.-The accurate calibration of the ship's tanks presents many more difficulties than does a simple cylindrical shore tank. Whilst the interior of the latter is practically free from obstructions, making the calculation of its contents a comparatively straight-forward procedure, in a ship we have to deal with spaces in which there are numerous 'girders, angle bars, brackets and other projections which comprise the framing of a vessel. To obtain reasonably accurate results, all of these must be allowed for. Where in a shore tank the capacity for each few inches of height (once the curvature of the bottom plating has been allowed for) depends entirely on the mean diameter, this is by no means the case in a ship's tank. Here each inch or few inches of height requires the application of a coefficient in order to compensate for the internal framing and, further, it must be remembered that not only will this vary at different positions in the same tank, but will also vary in different types of ships. It might be thought that the most accurate method of obtaining the data necessary to construct a scale for use in ascertaining the contents of ships' tanks would be to fill them with water from a receptacle of known capacity, carefully taking ullages as necessary and, from the information obtained, constructing an ullage scale. This method and others of a similar nature entail co
- Transportation > Marine (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.48)
- Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping (0.34)
BANQUET THE World Petroleum Congress Banquet was held at the May Fair Hotel, Berkeley Square, London, on July 24th, 1933, the Chair being taken by the President, Mr. Thomas Dewhurst. THE KING "The Toast of the King was proposed by the President." THE MONARCHS OF THE COUNTRIES AND THE HEADS OF THE STATES REPRESENTED AT THE CONGRESS. This Toast was proposed by the President. "THE WORLD PETROLEUM CONGRESS." The Right Honourable Sir Godfrey Collins, K.B.E., C.M.G., M.P., in proposing this toast, said It is my pleasure this evening to be one of your guests representing, for the time being, His Majesty's Government. My remarks to-night will be brief, for I understand that you and your Congress have listened or are about to listen to some 244 papers. I wondered, before I came to this meeting, in speaking as one who at present holds the post of Secretary of State for Scotland, why I should be asked here this evening. Nevertheless, we Scotsmen, as you well know, have a good conceit of ourselves, and I was not long in finding out the reason. You, ladies and gentlemen, have learned of Dr. Young, who, some seventy years ago, living near my constituency, discovered something to his own profit but, like a good Scotsman, he was willing to pass it on to those who came after him. The Assembly of the Congress in London at this time coincides, strangely enough, with the consideration by His Majesty's Government, in that wisdom which always characterises British Governments, of what they can do to circumvent the activities of oil products in all parts of the earth. (Laughter.) In their wisdom they have decided-and I think rightly, because I agreed to it in the Cabinet some few weeks ago-to try to transform Britain's greatest raw material into the modern form of pure motor spirit. I will not ask you what you think of that decision (laughter), but I will remind you that very shortly, to-morrow afternoon, in the House of Commons, my friend and colleague, who is here to-night -Mr. Ernest Brown-will put up what I have no doubt will be a sound defence of this expenditure. I should not say expenditure; I will say this preference, for we will be turning into motor spirit British coal and Scottish shale. (Hear, hear.) You know, Ladies and Gentlemen, why I supported this proposal a few weeks ago in the Cabinet. I am told that your industry, although it is a very modern industry, goes back to the time of Noah, for Noah in his wisdom coated his ark with certain products of oil. I am also told that the Tower of Babel needed your products for its erection. Although your industry is so old, yet it is also very young; many a time during the last ten years some of you must have argued whether oil would beat coal. I have argued that myself. I remember full well how twenty years ago the question used to be whether electric light would beat gas. Each of those, however, has found its own place, and I believe that every modern form of improvement is- -vital- for the forward
- Europe > United Kingdom > Scotland (0.25)
- North America > Canada > Ontario > Middlesex County > London (0.24)
- Materials > Metals & Mining > Coal (0.47)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.46)
- Government > Regional Government > Europe Government > United Kingdom Government (0.34)
Capt. H. Shaw said that he had been expecting a paper to be presented on the "Co-operation between Geologists and Geophysicists," and had it materialised, it would have proved both interesting and instructive, and would above all have given rise to a most useful discussion. Even in the absence of such a paper, he felt that on an occasion such as this, when we had so many distinguished geologists and geophysicists present, the time was opportune for the discussion of this subject. No one would deny that as a tool for the geologist, geophysics had its uses, but much harm had been done in the past by advancing extravagant claims for these geophysical methods. No advantage was likely to result from their operation under unfavourable conditions, or without a proper appreciation of their limitations, and in order to prevent disappointment in future, it was to be hoped that anyone proposing to employ geophysical methods would bear these points in mind. Steps should always be taken to ensure that the methods were only employed on suitable problems, and under conditions which were conducive to success, and to see that the operations were carried out by properly qualified and experienced men. They were fortunate in having present many eminent geologists together with a number of experienced geophysicists, and would be glad to hear anything they may have to say on the subject. Prof. V. C. I11ing said the expansion of scientific discovery was rapidly filling the gaps between the sister sciences and making it possible for one science to come to the aid of another. In such fields of research the strides that were being made were rapid and far-reaching, for the field was open and the methods of research already prepared'.There was, perhaps, no better illustration of this than in the application of physics to the elucidation of earth structures, and this new branch of study, Geophysics, had within the last two decades grown into one of the accepted methods of investigation in oilfield exploration. Such new methods introduced into new fields of inquiry already occupied by other sciences were bound to need considerable co-ordination in order that they should function properly. In the case of geophysics the intrusion was one of the physicist into the field of the geologist, the introduction of accurate and sensitive instrumental observation in in attempt to read physically what was below the earth's surface. It might have been thought that the geologist would welcome this new weapon with open arms, as he did in many cases, but there were factors which had been great stumbling-blocks to effective co-operation between the two sister sciences. Firstly, the early geophysical instruments were crude and costly, the results of their work being insufficiently accurate and the results to geologists were disappointing. The corrective was to improve -the instruments or realise their
BANQUET THE World Petroleum Congress Banquet was held at the May Fair Hotel, Berkeley. Square, London, on July 24th, 1933, the Chair being taken by the President, Mr. Thomas Dewhurst. THE KING "The Toast of the King was proposed by the President. "'THE MONARCHS OF THE COUNTRIES AND THE HEADS OF THE STATES REPRESENTED AT THE CONGRESS." This Toast was proposed by the President. THE WORLD PETROLEUM CONGRESS." The Right Honourable Sir Godfrey Collins, K.B.E., C.M.G., M.P., in proposing this toast, said It is my pleasure this evening to be one of your guests representing, for the time being, His Majesty's Government. My remarks to-night will be brief, for I understand that you and your Congress have listened or are about to listen to some 244 papers. I wondered, before I came to this meeting, in speaking as one who at present holds the post of Secretary of State for Scotland, why I should be asked here this evening. Nevertheless, we Scotsmen, as you well know, have a good conceit of ourselves, and I was not long in finding out the.reason. You, ladies and gentlemen, have learned of Dr. Young, who, some seventy years ago, living near my constituency, discovered something to his own profit but, like a good Scotsman, he was willing to pass it on to those who came after him. The Assembly of the Congress in London at this time coincides, strangely enough, with the consideration by His Majesty's Government, in that wisdom which always characterises British Governments, of what they can do to circumvent the activities of oil products in all parts of the earth. (Laughter.) In their wisdom they have decided-and I think rightly, because I agreed to it in the Cabinet some few weeks ago-to try to transform Britain's greatest raw material into the modern form of pure motor spirit. I will not ask you what you think of that decision (laughter), but I will remind you that very shortly, to-morrow afternoon, in the House of Commons, my friend and colleague, who is here to-night -Mr. Ernest Brown-will put up what I have no doubt will be a sound defence of this expenditure. I should not say expenditure; I will say this preference, for we will be turning into motor spirit British coal and Scottish shale. (Hear, hear.) You know, Ladies and' Gentlemen, why I supported this proposal a few weeks ago in the Cabinet. I am told that your industry, although it is a very modern industry, goes back to the time of Noah, for Noah in his wisdom coated his ark with certain products of oil. I am also told' that the Tower of Babel needed your products for its erection. Although your industry is so old, yet it is also very young; many a time during the last ten years some of you must have argued whether oil would beat coal. I have argued that myself. I remember full well how twenty years ago the question used to be whether electric light would beat gas. Each of those, however, has found its own place, and I believe that every modern form of improvement is vital
- Europe > United Kingdom > Scotland (0.25)
- North America > Canada > Ontario > Middlesex County > London (0.24)
- Materials > Metals & Mining > Coal (0.47)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.46)
- Government > Regional Government > Europe Government > United Kingdom Government (0.34)