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In a marine environment, topographic features on the sea floor will usually be covered by a thick layer of shale with the rise of sea level, resulting in a uniform, nearly flat surface. Evaporating seas may bury sea-floor topography with a thick layer of salt. In a fluvial-deltaic environment, channels are cut and filled with a lithology that may be different from that through which it is cut, followed by subsequent burial with (perhaps) a more uniform sedimentary layer. With continued burial and overburden, pore sizes are reduced and water is squeezed out of the rocks, reducing the rock volume. Different lithologies have different original porosity, pore shapes, and mineral matrix composition, and thus different responses to burial. Lateral changes in lithology give rise to lateral changes in compaction, or simply “differential compaction.” For this reason, easily mapped flooding and other surfaces that were originally flat can exhibit measurable, and often significant structural relief. These maps give rise to lateral “structural” anomalies. Recognition of differential compaction forms a key component in modern seismic interpretation workflows based on geomorphology with excellent publications showing the expression of differential compaction on vertical slices. Mapping the 3D expression of compaction features takes considerable time and is thus less well reported while the use of 3D geometric attributes to map compaction features is underutilized. In this article, we illustrate the attribute expression of the more common differential compaction features over channels and carbonate reefs using examples from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.49)
- North America > United States > North Dakota (0.47)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan (0.35)
- (3 more...)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology > Depositional Environment > Marine Environment > Reef Environment (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.57)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Interpretation (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (0.99)
- North America > United States > North Dakota > Red Wing Creek Field (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Williston Basin (0.99)
- North America > Canada > Saskatchewan > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin (0.99)
- (7 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Integration of geomechanics in models (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
The ingredients of seismic interpretation include the right mix of geological and geophysical knowledge, together with a liberal dose of imagination, tempered with a considerable amount of patience. Seismic interpretation is a skill that one acquires with experience, but is constantly reinvigorated with new ideas and tools provided by younger university graduates. The prime ingredients for seismic interpretation are seismic reflection data coupled with a geologic depositional and tectonic model which together provide the framework for integrating borehole, microseismic, and production data resulting in a good reservoir model. Although commonly used in both engineering and environmental applications, most seismic reflection surveys are acquired for oil and gas exploration in both land and offshore areas around the world. Hydrocarbon accumulations are found at varying depths of a few thousand meters below the Earth's surface which are ultimately confirmed by drilling. Because the cost of drilling closely spaced wells can be prohibitively expensive, interpreted seismic data provide not only initial well locations in a wildcat environment, but also, when coupled statistically with production and well-log data, locations with higher probability of success in a resource play having hundreds of wells.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.28)
- North America > United States > North Dakota (0.28)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Stratigraphy (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- (2 more...)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing > Seismic Migration (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Modeling > Velocity Modeling > Seismic Inversion (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Interpretation > Seismic Reservoir Characterization > Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Surface Seismic Acquisition > Marine Seismic Acquisition (0.93)
Integration of hydraulically induced microseismic event locations with active seismic attributes: A North Texas Barnett Shale case study
Refunjol, Xavier E. (The University of Oklahoma, Swift Energy) | Keranen, Katie M. (The University of Oklahoma) | Le Calvez, Joël H. (Schlumberger) | Marfurt, Kurt J. (The University of Oklahoma)
ABSTRACT Hydraulic fractures are delineated by induced microseismic event distributions and typically propagate perpendicular to the regional minimum stress direction. However, at a smaller scale, varying mineralogical composition and existing fault and fracture networks can influence developing fracture networks. We integrated microseismic event locations with seismic attributes from multichannel seismic reflection data, including inversion results for impedance and Lamé parameters, and seismic curvature attributes. We found that microseismic event locations consistently correlate to zones of low seismic impedance and low and values, describing characteristic material properties of fracture-prone zones within the North Texas Lower and Upper Barnett Shale. Additionally, event locations showed a weak correlation with anticlinal structures as defined by volumetric curvature attributes. We suggest that the low impedance, low and zones were related to the boundary between calcite-filled fractures and the host rock.
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.77)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Shale Play > Shale Gas Play (0.64)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Modeling > Velocity Modeling > Seismic Inversion (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Passive Seismic Surveying > Microseismic Surveying (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Interpretation > Seismic Reservoir Characterization > Amplitude vs Offset (AVO) (0.68)