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Collaborating Authors
Protasova, Evgenia
Evaluation of Nanofiltration Membrane Process for Smartwater Production in Carbonate Reservoirs From Deoiled Produced Water and Seawater
Nair, Remya Ravindran (University of Stavanger) | Protasova, Evgenia (University of Stavanger) | Bilstad, Torleiv (University of Stavanger) | Strand, Skule (University of Stavanger)
Summary This research focuses on membraneโseparation efficiencies by adjusting the ionic composition of deoiled produced water (PW) and evaluates the possibility for smartwater production from PW for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in carbonate reservoirs. Key characteristics of smartwater for carbonate reservoirs are increased concentrations of divalent ions and low concentrations of monovalent ions compared with seawater. In this research, PW was pretreated with media filters, which resulted in 96 to 98% oil removal. This deoiled PW was used as feed for nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Combinations of NF retentate with seawater as feed and NF permeate from PW were considered. PW NF permeate, mixed with seawater spiked with multivalent ions, sulfate (), or phosphate (), is expected to alter the wettability of oil reservoirs. NFโmembrane performance was evaluated in terms of flux and the separation efficiencies of the key scaling ions calcium (Ca) and barium (Ba). The tested membranes removed 60% of Ca and 53% of Ba, thereby reducing the scaling tendency. No membrane fouling was observed during the experiments. NFโtreated PW was analyzed for solubility of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The results showed no Ca dissolution, which could affect chalkโreservoir compaction. This research also reflects the use of nonprecipitating for smartwater production, simultaneously decreasing the Ba concentration and the scaling potential of PW. The results obtained conclude that spiking below 12 mM showed no indication of chalk dissolution during equilibration tests at room temperature. Experiments performed with 44 mM of resulted in calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] precipitation. A process scheme is proposed for smartwater production by ionic selection from seawater and PW at an operating pressure of 18 bar. Energyโconsumption analysis for smartwater production before membrane treatment concluded NF to be economic over other desalination technologies. The power consumed by NF membranes for smartwater production at 18 bar is calculated at 0.88 kWยทh/m, whereas the power consumed is 51.22 and 103.52 kWยทh/m for reverse osmosis (RO) and multistage flash distillation (MSF), respectively.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe > Norway (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East (0.93)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea (0.67)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (0.48)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (0.48)
- Geology > Mineral > Phosphate (0.44)
- Geology > Mineral > Sulfate (0.34)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.93)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 16/18a > Alpha Field (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 15/8 > Alpha Field (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 16/18a > Alpha Field (0.99)
- (13 more...)
Reuse of Produced Water by Membranes for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Nair, Remya Ravindran (Department of Mathematics and Natural Science) | Protasova, Evgenia (Department of Mathematics and Natural Science) | Bilstad, Torleiv (Department of Mathematics and Natural Science) | Strand, Skule (Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger)
Abstract Produced water (PW) management and reuse of PW has economic and environmental benefits compared to PW discharge. This research focuses on membrane separation efficiencies in adjusting the ionic composition of de-oiled PW and evaluating the possibility for smart water production from PW for enhanced oil recovery. Key characteristics of smart water for carbonate reservoir is increased concentration of divalent ions and depletion of monovalent ions. Dual media is used for oil removal from PW. De-oiled PW is feed for Nanofiltration (NF) membranes for separation of barium and calcium ions. Combination of NF retentate with seawater (SW) as feed and NF permeate from PW is also considered. PW permeate is mixed with SW spiked with determining multivalent ions, sulfate or phosphate, which alter wettability of oil reservoirs. Currently, smart water is produced by adding chemicals to fresh water or low total dissolved solids (TDS) water produced by reverse osmosis (RO) or flash distillation. Using de-oiled PW as feed to NF will reduce power consumption, footprint and chemicals. PW can be reinjected into reservoirs after removing scale-causing ions. By injecting low barium and calcium PW brines, the frequency of scale squeezes will decrease. Membrane performance is evaluated for flux and separation efficiencies of calcium and barium. Barium concentrations in synthetic PW is increased 20 times the original concentration in Tor Field in North Sea, for evaluating NF separation efficiency. Negligible amount of barium is present in NF permeate at pressures of 8-12 bars resulting in a permeate flow rate of 200 L/h for a membrane area of 2.6 m. Increased sulfate concentration in smart water enhances recovery by 40 % of original oil in place. However, BaSO4 scalingcan be initiated even with negligible barium concentration if high sulfate level is present in the injected brine. The novelty of this research resides in the use of non-precipitating phosphate replacing sulfate for smart water production, simultaneously decreasing barium concentration and scaling potential of PW. However, precipitation of calcium occurred in presence of high concentration of phosphate. Power consumed by NF membranes for smart water production is calculated at 0.37 kWh/m.
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea (0.68)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea > Central North Sea (0.49)
- Geology > Mineral > Sulfate (0.97)
- Geology > Mineral > Phosphate (0.68)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (0.34)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.95)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 16/7a > Central Brae Field > Brae Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 16/18a > Alpha Field (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 15/8 > Alpha Field (0.99)
- (12 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Waterflooding (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Water use, produced water discharge and disposal (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Separation and treating (1.00)