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It is with great pleasure that I extend my warmest ones in order to obtain hydrocarbons at reduced thanks to the organizers of the 13th World Pet- cost. But in retrospect, the events did not greatly roleum Congress, to all the participants involved, affect our scientific and technical programme, and to our Argentinian hosts, whose unsparing although they may today modify the weighting of efforts have made the past week a resounding some scientific fields of interest. success. My grateful appreciation goes to everyone- In the long run, the course of the technological Session Chairmen, Vice-chairmen, Panellists and evolution of the industry has not fundamentally Speakers-whose contributions have enriched our changed. It is still very much an ongoing process. exchanges of information and debates, which are so vital to further understanding and reflection. I should also like to thank all the National Com- Relationship between North and South mittees, which are the foundations on which every This is our first Congress to be held in the World Petroleum Congress is built. The contribution Southern hemisphere and the process, initiated at they make in the selection of officers and speakers of our last Congress, of establishing a better balance so many different nationalities is an inestimable one. between North and South has again been well served Finally, my warmest thanks to our British friends, by the choice of session organizers and Congress Secretary-General Derek Payne and Deputy speakers. I am delighted to see this happening now Secretary-General Olga Leapman, who are leaving that all nations are becoming more and more ecothe organization at the end of this Congress. nomically interdependent. And although we are cur-Derek Payne has been a devoted and enthusiastic rently noting a difference between the economic Congress organizer for nearly 20 years. I join his growth enjoyed by the North and the South, we many friends on the Scientific Committee in wishing must avoid any imbalance in the share of knowledge him a happy retirement in the 'Garden of England'. worldwide. Olga Leapman is of course well known to you all As you are well aware, it is becoming more and I want to take the opportunity now to thank her unlikely that the solution to the problems confrontfor her unstinting efforts and her invaluable contriing the oil industry can lie in the hands of a limited bution to the Scientific Committee over the past 10 number of countries. years. Concepts like resources, regulations, the environ-The theme of our Congress has been the new scienti- ment, product quality, prices or taxation only serve fic, technical and economic horizons awaiting the pet- to underscore the reality of this economic interderoleum industry. At the end of our week's work, I pendence. The quest for global economic growth will would now like to review some of the most signifi- continue to be
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- Europe > United Kingdom > England (0.24)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.95)
- South America > Brazil > Campos Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region > Tarim Basin (0.99)
- Africa > Gabon > Rabi Kounga Field (0.99)
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The recent growing use of unleaded fuels, some of them with high octane numbers, induces changes in the refining processes and thus in gasoline composition. This evolution can bring about some effects on the level and the composition of exhaust emissions. In the first step of this study, relations have been identified between gasoline chemical composition and exhaust level of emissions for an engine equipped with a three way catalyst, on a bench test. It has been shown that the use of a highly aromatic gasoline tends to increase HC and NO, emissions before catalytic treatment. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the light-off temperature of the catalyst (corresponding to 50% conversion) tends to decrease with an olefin-rich fuel and increase with an aromatic-rich fuel. Moreover the presence of oxygenated components does not appear to have any clear effect on the activation temperature of the catalytic converter. In a second step, a detailed gas chromatography analysis of exhaust hydrocarbons has been carried out with adapted columns in order to separate light hydrocarbons (C1 to C10) and heavier fractions (C10'). A good correlation was found between the aromatic composition of the gasoline and aromatic spectrum in the exhaust. Concerning catalytic conversion of each type of hydrocarbon in steady-state operation, it appears that the conversion rate is lower for light paraffinic hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane than for others.
- North America > United States (0.30)
- Europe (0.28)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
[16]3 Automotive Diesel Fuel: The Balance between Cost Effectiveness and Environmental Acceptability
Lindsay, R. (Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd.. UK) | Paassen, W. (Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV, Netherlands) | Marriott, J. M. (Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd., UK) | Booth, M. (Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd., UK)
Abstract. Supply/demand scenarios to the year 2010 suggest that there will be an increasing mismatch between the hydrocarbons found in crude oil and those required in products. This arises partly because of the expected trends in crude oil quality but the main cause will be the continuing change in product demand and the increasingly severe requirements for product quality. Advances in engine technology will continue to offer the best opportunity for emissions improvement for some time to come. However, as engines become ‘cleaner’ the relatively minor influence of fuel properties on emissions performance will become more significant. The implications for diesel fuel quality are discussed and the options for upgrading are put in perspective. In principle, technologies are available for meeting future demands in terms of both quantity and quality. Their commercial viability or cost-effectiveness in the overall context of manufacture, supply and usage is not clear at the moment and requires further investigation. Résumé. Les scénarios d'offre et de demande à l'horizon 2010 indiquent que l'on peut s'attendre à une divergence croissante entre la nature des hydrocarbures présents dans le pétrole brut et celle requise dans les produits finis. Cela provient en partie des tendances prévues dans la qualité des pétroles bruts, mais la cause principale est le changement continuel dans la demande des produits et les exigences de plus en plus strictes en matière de qualité pour ces produits. Pendant longtemps encore la réduction des émissions proviendra principalement des améliorations de la technologie des moteurs. Cependant, les moteurs devenant 'plus propres', l'influence relativement minime des propriétés du carburant sur les émissions deviendra plus significative. On trouvera ici une étude des implications sur la qualité du gazole ainsi que les options pour améliorer cette qualité. Des techniques sont, en principe, disponibles pour satisfaire les demandes futures en termes à la fois de quantité et de qualité. Leur viabilité commerciale ou leur rentabilité dans le contexte global de la fabrication, de l'offre et de l'utilisation n'est pas encore claire et nécessite de poursuivre les recherches. 1. INTRODUCTION Supply and demand scenarios to the year 2010 suggest that tra
- Europe (0.69)
- North America > United States (0.68)
With the projected decline in the production of light crudes, refineries must develop or modify processes to convert heavy-oil feedstocks into useful distillates. These feedstocks generally have a high propensity to form coke during processing. Conventional carbon rejection processes that depend on the coking reaction produce useful distillates amounting to less than 85 vol% of feed. However with critical control of the coking reaction, advanced hydroprocessing technology achieves high feed conversion and simultaneously produces useful distillates which are more than 100 vol% of the feed. High conversion hydroprocessing processes such as LC-Fining, H-Oil, Veba-Combi-Cracking (VCC), CANMET hydrocracking and INTEVEP-HDH use unique techniques to control the formation of coke. Examination of patent literature and other publications of these and other reported hydroprocessing processes show that operating parameters such as composition of the feedstocks and recycle pitch, hydrogen partial pressure, hydrogen stripping, reactor hydrodynamics, additives, and catalysts are important in setting the yield at which fouling and formation of coke becomes detrimental. Novel directions of research based on an understanding of the mechanisms of coke formation and the economics of these processes are suggested.
Abstract. The effects of fuel properties on diesel exhaust emissions and the effect of an additive on fuel-injector deposits were studied using swirl chamber and direct injection diesel engines. The contents of this paper are as follows:CO, HC, NO, and particulate emissions vary from one engine to another. Regarding fuel property effects: %CA (aromatic ring carbon content) considerably affects CO, HC, NO, and particulate emissions. Also, 90% distillation temperature influences particulate emission depending on engine type. As regards the effect of injection nozzle characteristics, flow rate of pilot injection and pilot injection time affect exhaust emissions. Fuel injector deposits increase particulate emission but certain detergent type additives have the effect of cleaning up injector deposits. EGR has the effect of decreasing NO, but increasing particulate emissions. Sulphur content of fuel slightly affects particulate emissions, but has no effect on CO, HC and NO,. EGR and sulphur content of fuel have effects on engine wear and deterioration of engine oil. Résurné. Les effets de la composition des carburants sur les émissions de particules des moteurs diesel et l'effet d'un additif sur les dépôts de l'injecteur ont été étudiés en utilisant une chambre de turbulence et des moteurs diesel à injection directe. Cette communication traitera les points suivants:Les émissions de CO, HC, NO, et de particules varient d'un moteur à l'autre. Concernant les effets de la composition des carburants: le % CA (contenu en carbone aromatique) a une influence considérable sur les émissions de CO, HC, NO, et de particules. La température de 90% de distillation influence l'émission des particules suivant le type de moteur. Concernant l'effet des caractéristiques de l'injecteur, le débit de l'injection pilote et sa durée influencent les émissions d'échappement. Les dépôts de l'injecteur entraînent une augmentation de l'émission de particules mais certains additifs de type détergent ont pour effet de les éliminer. La recirculation des gaz d'échappement entraîne une baisse de NO, mais une augmentation des émissions de particules. Le pourcentage en soufre du carburant affecte légèrement les émissions de particules mais n'a aucun effet sur CO, HC et NO,. La recircuiation des gaz d'échappement et le pourcentage en soufre ont des effets sur l'usure du moteur et la détérioration de l'huile lubrifiante. 1. INTRODUCTION In Japan, during the high economic growth period in the 1950s and 1960s, environmental pollution became a serious social issue. For air pollution, environmental stan
- Materials > Chemicals (1.00)
- Automobiles & Trucks (1.00)
- Transportation > Ground > Road (0.94)
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Abstract. The influence of Diesel fuel characteristics on pollutant emissions: unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), particulates, insoluble organic fraction (IOF) and soluble organic fraction (SOF), aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was measured on a chassis dynamometer. Diesel fuels were thoroughly analysed, the component type being measured by mass spectroscopy. Large variations in pollutant emissions are observed except for NO,. Significant parameters have been determined. The results indicate the influence of the cetane number: a trend to decrease of total emissions is noted when cetane number rises. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered alone as predictive of future pollutant emissions. An effect of the aromatic content is shown on UHC, particulates, SOF, aldehydes, PAH. The pollutant emissions increase when the total aromatic content rises, but this link is mostly due to diaromatics and triaromatics; monoaromatics have little influence. The IOF of particulates does not appear to depend on the amount of aromatic compounds. Finally, an increase in naphthenic compounds tends to induce an increase in UHC and particulate emissions. However, these effects seem to be less clear than the aromatic one. Nevertheless, the sulphur content affects the IOF of particulates. These results enable us to determine a criterion, noted IS, useful to predict particulates, SOF or the unburned hydrocarbons emission rates. IS is defined as a weighted sum of different naphthenic and aromatic components. It clearly correlates with UHC, particulates and SOF emissions. Résumé. L'influence des caractéristiques chimiques des gazoles sur les émissions de polluants réglementés (hydrocarbures imbrûlés, particules) et spécifiques (aldéhydes, répartition des particules entre fraction carbonée (IOF) et fraction extractible (SOF), hydrocarbures aromatiques polynucléaires (HAP)) est mesurée sur un chassis dynamométrique. Les gazoles sont précisément analysés et leur composition chimique est déterminée par spectrométrie de masse. De larges variations sont observées sur les émissions sauf dans le cas des oxydes d'azote. On met en évidence l'influence de l'indice de cétane: une décroissance des émissions est enregistrée lorsque i'indice de cétane croît. Toutefois, ce paramètre ne pourra être considéré seul comme prédictif des émissions. Un effet de la teneur en composés aromatiques est démontré sur les émissions d'hydrocarbures imbrûlés, de particules, d'aldéhydes et de HAP. Ces émissions augmentent lorsque la teneur en aromatiques totaux croît mais cette relation est surtout apparente avec les diaromatiques et les triaromatiques. Les monoaromatiques ne semblent avoir que très peu d'influence. La fraction sèche des part
Abstract. As the refining industry enters the 1990s, gasoline production will be affected by changes in environmental regulations, automobile engine requirements, and consumer demand. Each area of the world will have different concerns and problems. Product requirements for the 1990s will be shifting; therefore, refiners will need flexible and cost-effective processing alternatives. Refiners will have to optimize their gasoline processing operations to remain competitive in their market areas and to meet legislative requirements. This paper discusses several of the issues related to gasoline production, including changing environmental concerns throughout the world, an overview of gasoline compositions, and technologies for gasoline production. Appropriate case studies are discussed. Résumé. Alors que l'industrie de raffinage entre dans les années 90, la production d'essence va être affectée par des modifications de la réglementation sur l'environnement, des spécifications relatives aux moteurs des automobiles, et des besoins des consommateurs. Chaque région du monde aura des préoccupations et des problèmes différents. Les spécifications concernant les produits vont changer; par conséquent, les raffineurs auront besoin d'alternatives souples et rentables. Ils devront optimiser les opérations de traitement des essences pour rester compétitifs dans leurs domaines et pour répondre aux conditions législatives. Cet article examine plusieurs des questions liées à la production d'essence, parmi lesquelles: l'évolution des préoccupations concernant l'environnement au niveau mondial, une présentation générale des compositions d'essence et des techniques de production d'essence. Des études de cas concrets seront présentées. INTRO DUCTI0 N Gasoline production in the 1990s is being affected by changes in environmental regulations, automobile engine requirements, and consumer demand. Each geographical region of the world has different problems and concerns. Gasoline quality will be a moving target, and therefore, refiners will need processing solutions that are flexible and cost-effective if they are to remain competitive in the marketplace. Sound long-term planning and staging of investments will be the keys to profitable operation. This paper overviews the problem areas affecting gasoline composition and quality worldwide and provides a brief summary of the current technologies related to gasoline processing. The phasing out of lead from gasoline is discussed in a case study that examines the economics of the applicable technologies. KEY ISSUES The two leading factors determining gasoline quality over the last 15 years have been environmental regulations and octane demand. Environmental regulations, such as the phasedown of lead, hav
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- Europe (0.71)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Law > Environmental Law (1.00)
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- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
Abstract. Significant clear octane number increase has been noticed at refinery gasoline pools. This increase is the result of the evolution in the world automotive industry and concerns with environmental pollution. Although Argentina has no definite plans for lead removal, pool RON has risen from 88 to 89.5 in the last years. Octane increase can be achieved through several means depending on raw material availabilities, plant facilities, and funds for investment in each particular refinery. The most important limitations in Argentina are:high natural gasoline percentage (15-30%) in the gasoline pool, low catalytic reforming capacity, high coker naphtha production, and low hydrotreating capacity. Simulation models have been developed for the assessment of these factors in order to select the optimum way to secure the required octane increase. For the Argentine Refiners Scheme, options for isomerization and increase in reformate capacity, including coker naphtha and FCC middle cut as feed, excel other options. Résumé. On a remarqué une augmentation significative de l'indice d'octane clair dans l'ensemble de la production d'essence des raffineries. Cette augmentation est due à l'évolution de l'industrie automobile mondiale et aux questions de pollution de l'environnement. En Argentine, bien qu'il n'y ait aucun plan défini pour éliminer le plomb, l'indice d'octane route RON du pool-essence est passé de 88 à 89.5 au cours des cinq dernières années. Cette augmentation peut être obtenue de différentes façons suivant les matières premières disponibles, les installations industrielles et les investissements de chaque raffinerie. En Argentine, les limitations les plus importantes sont les suivantes :pourcentage élevé d'essence naturelle (15 à 30%) comme pool-essence, faible capacité de réformage catalytique, production élevée de naphta de cokéfaction et faible capacité d'hydrotraitement. Des modèles de simulation sont mis au point pour l'estimation de ces facteurs dans le choix de la meilleure façon d'assurer l'augmentation requise de l'indice d'octane. Dans le schéma de raffinage argentin, les choix les meilleurs concernent l'isomérisation, la croissance de capacité en reformage catalytique, en utilisant comme charge le naphta en provenance de l'unité de cokéfaction et les coupes moyennes de FCC. The international community's concern for the preservation of the environment has promoted a noticeable increase in the average clear octane number of refineries' gasoline pool. The U.S. removal of lead from motor fuels caused an increase of 4 units (R + M)/2 in pool octane from 1983 to 1990. Although the European Economic Community (E.E.C.) plans to elim
- North America > United States (0.76)
- South America > Argentina (0.57)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
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Abstract. The check points of basin models of petroleum generation and expulsion are often limited to indirect maturity measurements, such as vitrinite reflectance. We show here that other common geochemical data may considerably improve quantification. For instance, petroleum potential of mature series (Rock-Eva1 Hydrogen Index) is used to quantify kerogen conversion into primary products. Amounts of free petroleum (SI, chloroform extract) allow checking that the expulsion model is consistent with the observed amounts of unexpelied petroleum. Finally, the volume and composition of documented accumulations provide an independent validation of the model. Such an approach maximizes the contribution of existing geochemical data to petroleum evaluation by basin models. Case studies from the Norwegian margin and the Paris basin illustrate the method. Résumé. Les points de vérification des modèles de bassins décrivant la formation et l'expulsion des hydrocarbures sont souvent limités à des mesures de maturité indirectes, telles que la réflectance de la vitrinite. Nous démontrons ici que d'autres données géochimiques communes peuvent considérablement améliorer la quantification. Par exemple, le potentiel pétrolier des séries parvenues à maturation (Index d'hydrogène Rock-Eval) est utilisé pour quantifier la transformation du kérogène en pétrole. Les quantités d'hydrocarbures libres (extrait chloroforme, SI) permettent de vérifier que le modèle d'expulsion est compatible avec les quantités observées de pétrole non expulsé. En définitive, le volume et la composition des accumulations déjà reconnues par forage fournissent une validation indépendante du modèle. Une telle méthode maximise la contribution des données géochimiques existantes pour l'évaluation du potentiel pétrolier par des modèles de bassins. Des études de la marge norvégienne et du bassin de Paris illustrent cette méthode. INTRODUCTION Basin modelling is now a routine tool, extensively used to evaluate the petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. Most practical applications restrict consideration to one-dimensional conductive heat transfer and petroleum generation models. Several commercial software packages are now available to perform such computations on small computers. In this software, petroleum generation is described by primary reactions, and secondary reactions treat oil to gas cracking at higher temperatures, as introduced by Tissot and Espitalié (1975). Although it is very useful in reconstructing the history of petroleum generation along geological time, this procedure has serious limitations. Firstly, it does not provide a quantitative estimate of t
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Organic-Rich Rock > Coal (0.90)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Åre Formation (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Vøring Basin > PL 128 > Spekk Formation (0.99)
- Europe > France > Paris Basin (0.99)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea > Halten Bank Area (0.98)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Fluid Characterization > Geochemical characterization (1.00)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (1.00)
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