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Abstract The study area is located in Tupi field in Santos Basin. It is one of the largest Brazilian maritime basins. They were formed during the Neocomian period as a result of the process of separation of the supercontinent Gondwana. Detailed description work was carried out on plug samples from the five wells in the Tupi oil field to understand carbonate facies and their distribution better. The samples were obtained from the Exploration and Production Database (BDEP/ANP). The facies analysis followed the classification standards proposed by Gomes et al. (2020). The results showed the diversity of facies, with significant variability along the depth of each well, which are related to different depositional environments. In situ, facies with a higher proportion of mud indicate conditions with lower flow energy. At the same time, a greater abundance of spherulites and shrubs may signal shallow water environments, providing carbonate precipitation for forming these structures. Reworked facies indicate environmental conditions with high flow energy, wave and wind action. Introduction The study area is located in Tupi field in Santos Basin, in the southeastern part of the Brazilian continental margin, occupying an area of nearly 352,000 km and water depths of up to 3,000 m. It is one of the largest maritime basins in Brazil, and, being situated approximately 230 km from the Brazilian coast, it extends along the coasts of the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina (Moreira et al., 2007) (Fig. 1). The formation process of Brazilian marginal basins had its origins during the rupture of the Gondwana Supercontinent in the Neocomian period, approximately 135 Ma. ago, and the supercontinent rifting resulted in the separation of the African and South American continents and the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. During the evolution of Brazilian marginal basins, large lacustrine carbonate deposits were covered by an extensive evaporite layer that served as a trap for significant quantities of hydrocarbons, known as the Pre-salt section. The carbonate deposits received worldwide attention and became relevant due to the economic discovery of this considerable accumulation of oil in the Santos Basin and the confirmation of the exploratory viability of these new oil reservoirs.
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean (1.00)
- South America > Brazil > Brazil > South Atlantic Ocean (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Carbonate Rock (1.00)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Salt Tectonics (0.75)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology > Depositional Environment > Continental Environment > Lacustrine Environment (0.58)
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean > Santos Basin > Block BM-S-11 > Tupi Field > Lula Formation (0.99)
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean > Santos Basin > Block BM-S-11 > Tupi Field > Guaratiba Formation (0.99)
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean > Santos Basin > Block BM-S-11 > Tupi Field > Cernambi Formation (0.99)
- (5 more...)
The Entropy Analysis of Changes in the Distribution of the Formation Fluid Filtration Characteristics for Oilfield Development Management
Suleimanov, B. A. (OilGasScientificResearchProject Institute, SOCAR, Baku, Azerbaijan) | Huseynova, N. I. (OilGasScientificResearchProject Institute, SOCAR, Baku, Azerbaijan)
Nowadays it is difficult to imagine control over the development of oilfields and increase of reservoir stimulation measures efficiency without the use of digital technologies. Availability of regularly updated database, digitalization of oil production facilities localization, developed data processing information technologies make it possible to create an online monitoring system under consideration objects work. Using digital algorithms makes it possible to monitor in real time all the information about the research object and the activities carried out current state, to assess their effectiveness, timeliness and compliance with standards, and to find reserves for improvement. Timely information about the need to carry out some actions is one of the most important elements of such a system, because it allows to carry out the process of oil production regulation in accordance with the set goals. The approach proposed in this article allows to promptly assess, using standard measured current well productivity data, the current distribution of hydrodynamic indicators along the strike in the pilot zone at any time. Comparative analysis of the distribution of indicators before and after the impact on the reservoir using the proposed method allows to increase the reliability of information about the current state of the reservoir system in the interwell space and to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken.
- Asia > Azerbaijan (0.71)
- Europe (0.69)
- Asia > Kazakhstan > Mangystau Oblast > Mangyshlak-Ustyurt Basin > Block 31 > Zhetybai Field (0.99)
- Asia > Azerbaijan > Neft Dashlary Field (0.99)
Decoding Contaminants. A Case study to Understand Source, Origin, and Distribution of H2S and CO2 off the Coast of Sarawak, Offshore Malaysia
Masoudi, Rahim (PETRONAS) | Nayak, Satyabrata (PETRONAS) | Patrick Panting, Alexander Tarang (PETRONAS) | A Hamid, Nuril Anwar Ahba (PETRONAS) | M Diah, M Amri (PETRONAS) | Samsuri, Muhammad Nazam (PETRONAS) | Hoesni, Jamaal (Beicip-Franslab Asia)
Abstract In the shallow offshore region off the coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, exploration, development activities, and oil and gas production have been significantly affected by the presence of high concentrations of contaminants, mainly H2S and CO2. This has led to stranded hydrocarbon discoveries in the central Luconia area. The primary aim of this research was to uncover the origins of these contaminants and predict their distribution throughout the basin. To achieve this objective, an integrated regional petroleum system modeling approach was undertaken in the study area. The focus was on identifying the sources, origins, and distribution patterns of CO2 and H2S. By employing advanced modeling techniques and incorporating isotope analysis, this study provides valuable insights into the sources and distribution patterns of the contaminants. Based on the analysis of geochemical data and petroleum system modeling, it is suggested that the CO2 in the Sarawak basin may have originated from calcareous shale (Pre-Cycle I), coaly shale (Cycle I), and a magmatic source. Meanwhile, preliminary analysis indicates that the amount of H2S encountered in the study area could have been generated from various sources and processes. Overall, this research sheds light on the complex nature of these contaminants and lays the groundwork for a more comprehensive understanding of their origins and distribution patterns in the region.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.58)
- Asia > China > South China Sea > Yinggehai Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > South China Sea > Vung May Basin (0.99)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Health > Noise, chemicals, and other workplace hazards (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Geologic modeling (0.90)
The Influence of a Heavy Storm on a Slope Subject to Rockfall Phenomena: The Bazena Case Study
Taboni, Battista (University of Turin, Italy) | Umili, Gessica (University of Turin, Italy) | Ferrero, Anna Maria (University of Turin, Italy) | Blanc, Simone (Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy) | Brun, Filippo (Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy) | Bruzzese, Stefano (Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy) | Albertelli, Luca M. (Land & Cogeo, Italy) | Tagliaferri, Iuri Dino (Land & Cogeo, Italy)
ABSTRACT: The evolution of rockfall phenomena depends on both rock mass and slope characteristics: variations in cover, morphology or vegetation induced by intense weather events can have huge consequences. Investigating these effects is required to assess the effectiveness of existing protection structures. This study focuses on the Bazena case (Brescia, Italy), a slope subject to rockfall phenomena, crossed by a provincial road connecting two valleys. Originally the slope was covered by a coniferous forest, which was almost completely destroyed by an extremely intense storm in 2018. In this context, the ASFORESEE model was applied to understand the value of the protection provided by the forest, over a period of 25 years. The output of ASFORESEE and other evaluations here proposed show that the forest played an active role in protecting the provincial road against rockfall phenomena. This work aims to highlight the potentiality of combining nature-based solutions and flexible barriers. INTRODUCTION The study of rockfall phenomena, especially through numerical models, usually requires three steps: first, the definition of the features of the rock mass where the unstable blocks are located; secondly, the quantification of one or more reference values for the falling blocks; lastly, the characteristics of the slope must be described according to the employed approach. The definition of the rock mass properties usually is derived from in situ measurements through contact or non-contact geomechanical surveys, aiming at a proper definition of the geometric properties (i.e., orientation and spacing of discontinuities), with added information related to mechanical features (i.e., friction angle and cohesion of discontinuities) that can be either derived from empirical relations or measured in laboratory tests. This step is important in defining two aspects: the kinematic possibility of a block movement and the stability of such block. The first aspect is purely geometrical and is traditionally studied through Markland's kinematic tests, which identify the possible types of movement unstable blocks can be subjected to. This process is usually performed manually employing stereographic projections: the test needs to be performed for each orientation of the rock face, making it a time-consuming approach in case of geometrically complex or articulated situations. To speed up this process, the algorithm described in Taboni et al. (2022) was employed. As it is common practice when dealing with rockfall, stability analyses were not performed; the hazard was evaluated by simulating the trajectories of a large number of falling blocks. The definition of the reference values for block volume is a crucial issue to be solved. The problem can be approached in two ways, either describing the block volume distribution measured directly below the rock face and along the slope or from previously recorded events, or deriving it from the geometric structure of the rock mass itself. Considering also that there is no consensus in the scientific literature over the choice of the representative volume (i.e., average, modal, or specific frequency percentage) (Umili et al. 2020), two values were chosen so that a significant portion of the distribution could be taken into account. Lastly, the characterization of the slope is a key feature for numerical simulations and can be subdivided into three elements: morphology of the slope, mechanical properties, and vegetation. The first parameter is readily available using Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). The mechanical properties of the slope are generally expressed in terms of restitution coefficients, the values of which are tabulated for many different types of materials. Vegetation is not considered in most cases, employing a more conservative approach that does not account for the protective effect it can provide. In this study, we tried to evaluate the positive effects of vegetation by studying a slope subjected to an extreme weather event in 2018 that removed the forest cover almost completely. The slope is located close to the Alpe di Bazena, in the Breno municipality (Brescia province, Northern Italy): the slope is crossed by a provincial road connecting two valleys, therefore of significant importance at local level. The direct effects on rockfall were quantified with and without vegetation using Rockyfor3D code (Dorren 2016), which allows for full 3D numerical simulations. The ASFORESEE model (Accastello et al. 2019) was then applied to express the economic value of the protection provided by the vegetation assuming an optimal condition of the forest.
Key Parameters and Distribution in Rock Mechanics for HLW Site Selection in Korea
Cheon, Dae-Sung (Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Korea) | Choi, Seungbeom (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea) | Song, Won-Kyong (Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Korea)
ABSTRACT: A step-by-step approach is being adopted worldwide with respect to site selection for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). Korea also adopted a three-step approach. In order to conduct systematic and efficient site investigation and site evaluation, a classification system for evaluation elements by stage has been proposed, and it is subdivided into aspects, items, and parameters. Among a total of 17 items and 103 parameters, rock engineering-related items are 3 items and 33 evaluation parameters. Uniaxial compressive strength, in-situ stress are selected as key evaluation parameters, taking into account domestic and foreign cases, the importance of rock engineering, and the existence of international standard testing methods. Their characteristics and the distribution range of the domestic parameters are investigated. In this study, two types of granite were selected and regional distribution characteristics were analyzed based on the data obtained through drilling up to 750 m. INTRODCUTION According to the 1st (2016) and 2nd (2021) high-level radioactive waste management master plans announced by the government, site investigation and site selection for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste follow a step-by-step procedure. The act related to deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and site selection, which is currently being discussed in the National Assembly, also includes a step-by-step site survey procedure. A step-by-step site investigation procedure has been proposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, 1994). Similar to the IAEA and advanced countries, Korea's step-by-step site survey is planned for the third step, which is to conduct a nationwide survey, exclude unsuitable areas, and conduct basic and detailed surveys on the remaining candidate sites. Based on domestic and foreign research cases, Kim et al., (2020a) proposed the geoenvironmental evaluation parameters necessary for site surveys at each step. The proposed classification system for investigation parameters was divided into evaluation aspects, items, and parameters, and a total of 17 items and 103 parameters were proposed, of which 33 were related to rock mechanics and engineering. The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, which conducts research on geology and resources in Korea, is conducting deep drilling and multidisciplinary geoscientific surveys for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste on Korea's representative rock types, considering the geologic tectonic structures.
- Asia > South Korea (0.76)
- Europe (0.71)
- Water & Waste Management > Solid Waste Management (1.00)
- Energy > Power Industry > Utilities > Nuclear (1.00)
Site Specific Joint Spacing Distribution of Roadcut Slopes in a Selected Stretch of National Highway in Indian Garhwal Himalayas
Hruaikima, Lal (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India) | Singh, Mahendra (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India) | Pradhan, Sarada Prasad (Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India) | Singh, Jaspreet (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
ABSTRACT: Due to extensive road widening project in the Himalayas, the roads experience huge instability problems especially during monsoon season. For the present study, 50 rock slope sites were considered over a stretch of 35 km on a national highway. The various attributes of discontinuities governing the slope failure were observed and the joint spacing in the stretch of the national highway is studied in detail. Detailed scanline survey was carried out and a database comprising more than about 6000 datapoints was generated. It is observed that the joints are spaced between 1 cm to 60 cm for the stretch of road. Statistical analysis of the joint spacing shows that most of the joint sets follow Exponential distribution, Weibull distribution, and lognormal distribution. Slope stability analysis was performed using the joint spacing data for all the slopes. It was observed that 50% of the slopes were susceptible to failure. INTRODUCTION Engineering designs for rock slopes sometimes include discontinuities as a source of uncertainty and variable. The strength and geometric characteristics of the discontinuities are liable to change inside a rock slope, which is frequently observed in difficult and challenging terrains such as hilly regions (Basahel & Mitri, 2019). Spacing of discontinuities is one of the indispensable parameters of rock slopes which is used to determine the block size, the hydrogeological permeability, deformability, and strength of the rock masses (Wong et al., 2018). Joint spacing in rocks have been studied by a number of researchers, and have reported to follow the Lognormal Distribution (Becker & Gross, 1996; Pascal et al., 1997; Wong et al., 2018), the Gamma Distributions (Castaing et al., 1996; Gross, 1993), the Negative Exponential Distribution (Hudson & Priest, 1983; Priest & Hudson, 1976, 1981), the Weibull Distribution (Wong et al., 2018) and the Normal Distribution (Ji & Saruwatari, 1998). In the present study, 50 different rock slope sites were considered over a stretch of 35 km on a national highway. Detailed scanline survey was done to assess the spacing of the joints and a database which comprises of more than 6000 joints were generated.
- Asia > Middle East > Yemen (0.95)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia (0.95)
- Africa > Sudan (0.95)
- (3 more...)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geomechanics (0.72)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Compressional Tectonics > Fold and Thrust Belt (0.49)
Practice Design of Ship Thin Section Considering Prevention of Welding-Induced Buckling
Zhou, Hong (School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang) | Yi, Bin (School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan) | Wang, Jiangchao (School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan / ‡Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai) | Shen, Chaonan (School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan)
_ The lightweight fabrication of thin-walled cabin sections is popular for advanced ships, and the dimensional tolerance generated by welding buckling significantly influences the fabrication accuracy and schedule with poststraightening. A typical thin section employed in the superstructure of a high-tech passenger ship is considered the research object. Conventional fabrication procedures and welding conditions were examined beforehand with combined thermal elastic-plastic and elastic FE computations based on the theory of welding inherent deformation, while welding buckling was represented with identical behavior compared with fabrication observation. Actually, there are usually two methods to prevent welding buckling with advanced fabrication. Stiffeners with optimized geometrical features and excellent elasticity moduli were assembled to enhance the rigidity of the ship thin section, and less welding inherent deformation with advanced welding methods can be employed to reduce mechanical loading. Computational results show that either less in-plane welding inherent strain or higher structural rigidity can reduce the magnitude of welding-induced buckling, and avoid the generation of welding-induced buckling during the lightweight fabrication. Introduction Recently, lightweight construction with thin-plate designs has become the highlight of advanced vehicles, such as ships, trains, and airplanes, particularly high-tech passenger vessels. Thin plate sections, as well as thin-walled structures with sufficient strength, exhibit excellent performance in enhancing the carrying capacity and protecting the environment with less fuel consumption. However, with the reduction in plate thickness for achieving lightweight design, welding-induced buckling can be generated owing to the lower stiffness as the most complex type of out-of-plane welding distortion (Wang et al. 2015, 2018). Buckling deformation will not only decrease fabrication accuracy and integrity but also increase cost and schedule; moreover, it influences mechanical performance, such as hydrodynamics. Unfortunately, it is hard to remove welding buckling after cooling to room temperature with flame heating or mechanical correction owing to its unstable features. Thus, it is preferable to reduce buckling distortion during the welding process by considering the practical design beforehand. Procedural parameters such as welding condition, heat efficiency, plate thickness, distribution of heat source, and stiffener spacing should be discussed because they influence the welding driving force and structural rigidity.
- Research Report > New Finding (0.48)
- Research Report > Experimental Study (0.34)
- Transportation > Passenger (0.74)
- Energy > Oil & Gas (0.68)
- Transportation > Marine (0.66)
Selection of Acid Types to Achieve Uniform Stimulation in Long Laterals of Horizontal Wells
Huifeng, Liu (CNPC R&D, DIFC Company Limited, Dubai, United Arab Emirates / Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada) | Ning, Xu (CNPC R&D, DIFC Company Limited, Dubai, United Arab Emirates) | Qi, Liu (CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited, Beijing, China) | Hongzhao, Tian (Geology Research Institute of Great Wall Drilling Company of CNPC, Panjin, Liaoning, China) | Yue, Ming (School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China) | Zhangxin, Chen (Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
Abstract Horizontal wells with long laterals are being used to develop low-permeability carbonate reservoirs in the world. After completion of a well, acidizing is usually conducted to remove the potential damage caused by drilling and completion. However, in bullheading acid injection, it is usually difficult for the acid to distribute evenly along a lateral due to quick consumption of acid along the wellbore, especially in MRC (Maximum Reservoir Contact) wells or wells with long laterals (>1000m). In many cases the toe area is even left un-stimulated at all. Different types of retarded acids are being developed in industry to reduce acid consumption rate in order to let them penetrate further, but the effective travelling distances of these acids are never systemically studied and compared, leaving field engineers a difficulty in selecting an acid for a specific well. In our work, the properties of different types of acids in industry are reviewed. A flow and reaction model with consideration of acid flow friction and acid-rock reaction kinetics is established and a method is found to solve it. Five typical cases are run based on the model and the results of an effective acid flowing distance, effective acid reacting distance and effective acid travelling distance are obtained and compared. Based on our study, two principles of selecting acid types for horizontal wells with long laterals are proposed: "flow to the toe" and "react to the toe", which mean the friction of an acid as well as the leak off rate of the acid should be small enough to let the fluid reach the toe under a given injection rate; the diffusion rate of H and the acid-rock reaction rate must be small enough to ensure that the acid is still active when it reaches the toe. Four key considerations are proposed regarding acid type selection: acid flow friction, acid leak off rate, mass transfer of H, and acid-rock reaction rate. A general guideline for the key parameter control and acid type selection to achieve a good acid distribution in the wellbore under different conditions is also shown. Field engineers can use our guideline to select acid candidates initially, and then use our model and program to quantitatively evaluate if the acid can effectively cover the whole lateral length.
- Asia > Middle East > UAE (1.00)
- Asia > China (1.00)
- North America (0.68)
- North America > United States > California > Sacramento Basin > 3 Formation (0.99)
- Asia > China > Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region > Tarim Basin > Tazhong Field (0.99)
- Asia > China > Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region > Tarim Basin > Tahe Field (0.99)
- (6 more...)
_ The R. V. Polarstern carried out ice breaking trials in which ice forces were measured with special panels at two locations in the bow. Time series records of the ice forces for a 13-minute period were compared for differences in terms of magnitude and duration of loading for the two locations. Maximum force of 2800 kN was measured on a 1 m panel. The nature of ice forces measured on the panels was very different in terms of frequency and duration compared to those measured with strain-gauged frames on the R. V. Polarstern and the CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. Introduction A ship navigating in ice-covered waters will interact with ice, generating forces. This is a process where the ship and the ice interact with each other. A good overview of the issues can be found in Kujala (2017). The forces measured depend on a number of factors, such as ice thickness, floe size, ice type, ice strength properties, ship speed, ship structure, hull form, and the measuring system itself. Various types of instrumentation have been used to measure ice loading on vessel hulls. This has included strain gauging of the hull structure itself, i.e., frames and plates and application of an influence matrix to convert the measured strains to ice forces. With multiple strain gauges, a relatively large area can be covered and force distribution within the area determined. Examples include the USCGC Polar Sea where a 9 m area of the bow was subdivided into 60 sub-areas, each 0.15 m (St. John and Daley, 1984), the CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent with a 14 m area divided into 15 sub-areas of 0.75 m (Ritch, 2005) or recently the Frij with 9 m divided into 36 sub-areas of 0.24 m (Piercey et al., 2016). To determine forces on smaller areas, bending strains in plates over smaller framed areas were employed and one of the smallest was 8 mm dia. (Glen and Comfort, 1983). Interpretation of measurements on plates, particularly when they are larger than 0.1 m, are dependent on the distribution of ice forces on the plate. A different approach has been to use load cells for direct force measurement on an isolated section of hull. This approach provides a direct measure of the total ice force on the area, independent of distribution. Normally the measurement areas have been limited in size, and substantial modifications to the hull structure are required to accommodate this approach. An implementation of this approach was on the R. V. Polarstern where areas of 1 m were implemented. The hull structure of the R. V. Polarstern was also strain gauged. This paper will describe some results of the two measurement approaches on the R. V. Polarstern, comparing them with each other and also with strain-gauged-based measurements on another ship.
- North America > Canada > Newfoundland and Labrador > Labrador (0.42)
- North America > Canada > Ontario > National Capital Region > Ottawa (0.28)
During the conceptual and preliminary ship design stages, designers must ensure that the selected principal dimensions and parameters are good enough to deliver a stable ship (statically and dynamically), besides deadweight and speed. To support this, the initial intact stability of the proposed ship must be calculated, and for that, the lightship weight and its detailed breakdown are necessary to be known. After hull (steel) weight, machinery weight, mainly marine diesel propulsion and power generation machinery, plays a vital role in the lightship weight estimate of a ship directly. It also affects the deadweight, displacement, draft, and trim, which finally influence stability. The correct estimation of respective weights improves calculating a ship’s initial stability, typically designed and built. Hence, it would be advantageous for the ship designer to convince the shipowner. Weight control is not easy, especially since its consequences in terms of deadweight and stability could be disastrous. It should start right at the beginning and control throughout the design and construction phases. Marine diesel main engines (MEs) and auxiliary engines (AEs) of various power output (generators output for AEs), engine speed, and cylinder number of different engine manufacturers are collected. These are analyzed and presented in tabular and graphical forms to demonstrate the possible relationship between propulsion engine weight and power generation engine weight, and their respective power, speed, and power–speed ratio. In this article, the authors have attempted to investigate the appraisal behavior of ME weight and AE weight regarding engine power, generator power, engine speed, and power–speed ratio (independent variables). Further attempts have been made to identify those independent variables that influence the weight of the propulsion engine and power generation engine (dependent variables) and their interrelationships. A mathematical model has thus been developed and proposed, as a guiding tool, for the designer to estimate the weight of main and AEs more accurately during the conceptual and preliminary design stages.
- Transportation > Marine (1.00)
- Energy > Power Industry (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Water Supplies & Services (0.46)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (0.46)