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Abstract The modern theory of the abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons, which has been developed during the last 50 years in Russia, recognizes that petroleum is a primordial material of deep origin which has been erupted into the crust of the Earth. Up to now the modern theory of the abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons was a geologists' theory. Recently, theoretical arguments and experimental results place the modern theory of abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons in the mainstream of modern physics and chemistry. It has been shown that the spontaneous genesis in the Earth of hydrocarbons, heavier than methane, under crustal conditions is prohibited by the second law of thermodynamics. Recent experimental results confirm the possibility of hydrocarbon synthesis in the Earth under upper mantle conditions. The mixture of the initial members of alkans, alkens and arens has been obtained as a result of chemical reactions in the system CaCO3 - H2O - FeO at pressures of 2.5–5.0 GPa and at temperatures of 1200–1500 °C. Highpressure equipment used gave us the possibility to reach a chemical equilibrium in the experiment cell. No biotic compounds were admitted to the reaction cell. Massspectrometer and the standard chromatograph were used for analysis of the products of high-pressure reaction. This experimental demonstration of the spontaneous, high-pressure genesis of hydrocarbons can be accepted as support for the modern theory of abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons. The abiotic theory allows us to apply a new approach to methods for petroleum exploration, oil and gas formation and to reexamine the world's hydrocarbons reserves. Introduction The hypothesis of abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons was coexisting together with the hypothesis of biotic genesis in Petroleum Science during more that one and a half century. The greatest scientists such as M. Lomonosov, von Humboldt, Guy-Lussac, D.Mendeleev, P. Berthelot and N. Kudriavtsev took part in discussions dealing with genesis of hydrocarbons. Together with others researchers they have brought a lot of brilliant ideas and new approaches but nobody could get experimental confirmation of the possibility of abyssal abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons. At the same time an experimental confirmation of the possibility of the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons deeply in the Earth will help us to apply a new approach to methods for petroleum exploration, oil and gas fields formation and the world hydrocarbons resources. The modern theory of the abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons, which has been developed during the last 50 years in Russia, recognizes that petroleum is a primordial material of deep origin which has been erupted into the crust of the Earth. Up to now the modern theory of the abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons was a geologists' theory. Recently, theoretical arguments [1] and experimental results place the modern theory of abiotic genesis of hydrocarbons in the mainstream of modern physics and chemistry. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Because the H-C system typical of petroleum is generated at high pressures, and exists only as a metastable m?lange at laboratory pressures, special high-pressure apparatus has been designed which permits investigations at pressures to 50 kbar and temperatures to 1500 °C, and which also allows rapid cooling while maintaining high pressures.
Abstract A web-based real-time decision support system - connecting nine plants to a central information serverwas implemented at a large Oil &Gas facility information center in the Middle East. The case study presented shows how a real-time decision support system improved profitability. The implementation included a full Well Accounting package - allowing operators, engineers, petroleum engineers and accountants to direct production and Well Properties, access Test Separator results, and reconcile production with the individual Well Settings. Qatar Petroleum chose Matrikon's Process Net as their Webbased Decision Support System, as it allowed them to retain their existing and proven business processes - while enabling these processes through open connectivity, accessibility, and easy usability. By sharing and distributing information between the business processes and providing this information in single views, efficiency was greatly improved. Introduction Decisions at any corporation are made at a level, which is usually applicable but sometimes not pertinent to the problem at hand. This situation comes about when all the information is not available to the key decision makers. An example is that of an operator, who might adjust process parameters beyond normal operation limits to address an issue caused upstream by changed feedstock properties. This might put the product off-spec, whereas the feed-stock was purposely changed elsewhere, to improve product quality. This illustrates the need for access to applicable information at every level in the plant. The operator should be able to view the feed stock properties in the control room, and production staff should be able to analyze process conditions based on feed-stock properties, to prevent future upsets. Whether made at the correct level or not, both longterm and short-term decisions are based on available information that is "processed" through experience or by analysis. Decisions based on experience - are in danger of being biased or conservative, while decisions made by analysis - could be misguided due to bad quality of data. An objective, fast and reliable decision-making process requires timely and good quality data, distributed to the correct levels in the corporation. The core technology implemented for the needed decision support system, should allow the corporation to keep the existing infrastructure of information-gathering (i.e. process data in various forms, real-time and historian based), and the long-time proven business processes (i.e. accounting data), while providing access to this information to the entire corporation, if desired. The barrier now no longer need exist between plant process data, sales, supply chain, accounting, and management data. The project included configuration of many different and consolidated views - often comprised of Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) specific to the users needs and job functions. Enabled with secured web access, engineers can review the plant's performance while away from the site. At the same time, this engineer can query the maintenance database to check the last time a compressor was serviced and correlate that to the current run-time of the compressor and its current power consumption.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > Asia Government > Middle East Government > Qatar Government (0.63)