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Reservoir Description and Dynamics
This Summary Report of recommended definitions include small amounts of non-hydrocarbons prohas been prepared for convenient reference by users. duced with the liquids. Crude Oil has a viscosity of Recommended definitions include the most important less than or equal to 10 O00 millipascal seconds terms used in the reporting of statistical information (mPa.s) at original reservoir temperature and atmoson petroleum classification (Part I), and petroleum pheric pressure, on a gas free basis. NATURAL GAS: Natural Gas is the portion of reserves (Part II). If systematically applied, the use of these definitions will go a long way towards ensur- petroleum that exists either in the gaseous phase or ing uniformity in the collection, reporting and inter- is in solution in crude oil in natural underground pretation of basic petroleum statistics. It should be reservoirs, and which is gaseous at atmospheric connoted that definitions devised for the principal pur- ditions of pressure and temperature. Natural Gas may pose of promoting uniformity in statistical reporting include amounts of non-hydrocarbons. do not reflect fully the complexity of technical factors, NATURAL BITUMEN: Natural Bitumen is the portion of petroleum that exists in the semi-solid or solidphase in natural deposits. In its natural state it usually contains sulphur, metals and other nonhydrocarbons. Natural Bitumen has a viscosity greater than 10 O00 mPa.s measured at original temperature in the deposit and atmospheric pressure, on a gas free basis. Natural Bitumen generally requires upgrading prior to normal refining. RAW NATURAL GAS: Raw Natural Gas is natural gas as it is produced from the reservoir. It includes and thus, may not be suitable for other more detailed applications. The 1987 Report of the Study Group, which follows this Summary of Definitions, presents background information and reasoning supporting a number of the recommended definitions. Students of classification and nomenclature of petroleum are urged to familiarize themselves with it. PART I. RECOMMENDED DEFINITIONS FOR PETROLEUM CLASSIFICATION - varying amounts of the heavier hydrocarbons which PETROLEUM: Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquefy at atmospheric conditions, and water vapour; mixture of predominantly hydrocarbons in the gas- and may also contain sulphur compounds such as eous, liquid or solid phase. hydrogen sulphide, and other non-hydrocarbon gases HYDROCARBONS: Hydrocarbons are chemical such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or helium, but compounds consisting wholly of hydrogen and which, nevertheless, is exploitable for its hydrocarbon carbon. content. Raw Natural Gas is often not suitabl
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reserves Evaluation > Reserves classification (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design (1.00)
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Abstract. Since the nationalization of the Venezuelan oil industry in 1976, two strategic lines have been followed to continue fulfilling the requirements of technological support:The establishment of technological assistance agreements with the former concessici, iary companies. The development of an R&D centre owned by the oil industry. The strategy proved to be successful in maintaining the appropriate performance of the operations and in transferring technology to the Venezuelan industry. However, the flexibility required for the strengthening of the emerging industry led to the diversification of the sources of technology. The new agreements, with a different approach and with new organizations, were signed. This time, emphasis was given to joint projects of R&D rather than technological support to operations. This paper presents the basic aspects of the process and analyzes its results in order to draw useful conclusions. After ten years, the effects of the'decisions can be pointed out as:–Normal running of the operations –Increased negotiating ability –Access to the most important sources of technology worldwide –Fortification of technological capability. Résumé. Depuis la nationalisation de l'industrie pétrolière du Venezuela en 1976, deux lignes stratégiques ont été menées pour continuer à fournir les besoins en support technologique:–l'établissement d'accords d'assistance technologique avec les anciennes compagnies concessionnaires –le développement d'un centre de R et D propre à l'industrie pétrolière. Le succès de cette stratégie a été montré par le maintien des performances dans l'exploitation et dans le transfert de technologie à l'industrie vénézuélienne. Néanmoins, la flexibilité requise pour renforcer l'industrialisation du pays a conduit à la diversification des sources de technologie. De nouveaux accords ont été signés avec une nouvelle approche et de nouvelles organisations. Aujourd'hui, l'accent est mis sur des accords de R et D plutôt que sur des supports technologiques à l'exploitation. Cette communication présente les aspects fondamentaux du processus; elle analyse ses résultats et en tire les conclusions utiles. Après dix ans, les effets observés sont les suivants:–fonctionnement normal de l'exploitation, –compétence accrue pour les négociations, –accès aux plus importantes sources de technologie du monde, –renforcement de la capacité technologique. INTRODUCTION The Venezuelan Oil Industry was nationalized on January 1, 1976. Up to that date, the exploitation of Venezuela's most important natural resource was done mainly by foreign companies, under the legal scheme of government concessions. Foreign oil companies performed all activities related to the bu
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (0.94)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Research and Development and Emerging Technology Programs (0.68)
Abstract. The terminology used in classifying petroleum substances and the various categories of reserves has been the subject of much study and discussion for many years. The need for an increased degree of standardization has been long recognized but significant difficulty has been encountered in achieving this objective. This is not surprising given the global nature of the petroleum industry and the many languages in which the industry operates and reports petroleum statistics. A Study Group, comprised of representatives of five member countries of the World Petroleum Congresses (Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela), reviewed the classification and nomenclature systems for oil and gas and for reserves as used by various countries and recommended systems for universal adoption. Its Interim Report was presented at the 11th Congress held in London in 1983. It has been revised on the basis of comments since that time. The recommended systems are scientifically sound, and yet at the same time, practical and simple enough to be readily understood even by those not involved on a daily basis in technical aspects of the industry. The recommended terminology is as close to current common usage as possible in order to minimize the changes necessary to bring about wide acceptance. Due to the many forms of occurrence of petroleum, the wide range of its characteristics, and the lack of accurate knowledge respecting the principles of its origin, migration and accumulation, a precise system of classification and reserves nomenclature which will satisfy all petroleum scientists is not practical. Furthermore, the establishment of a precise system would detract from its understandability by the average layman who is becoming increasingly interested and concerned with petroleum matters. The recommended systems thus stress known facts and the classification of petroleum substances is based primarily on the state of occurrence and the viscosity and density of the substances. For reserves, the recommended system is not a major change from systems which are well established in many countries but it is hoped that the recommendations will help in achieving better consistency in the reserves data presented by different authors and organizations. The recommended systems are broad in nature and petroleum scientists will likely further sub-divide the defined categories in order to facilitate detailed use. In summary, the Study Group defines petroleum as a naturally occurring mixture of predominantly hydrocarbons in the gaseous (natural gas), liquid (crude oil), or solid (natural bitumen)
- South America (1.00)
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East (0.93)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (0.89)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock (0.68)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.68)
- South America > Venezuela (0.89)
- North America > United States (0.89)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reserves Evaluation > Reserves classification (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (1.00)
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Abstract. Charged by the Saudi Arabian Government with managing the largest national oil reserves on earth, Aramco is the primary conduit of modern petroleum technology to Saudi Arabia. Beyond this, the company has evolved detailed strategies for indigenous manpower development. Numerous programmes were established early on to develop the expertise of Saudi employees in industrial, technical, professional and managerial skills. In the post-1970 oil boom, these programmes were further expanded to the point where very substantive transfers have been accomplished on a large scale, even in the face of marked technological advancements in the industry. The recent slowdown has enabled the company to rapidly consolidate these gains. As a result, the company is passing through the operational and maintenance stages of technology transfer and is building up to a third stage at which original applications and technology substitutions can be made. An important boost to this process came with the construction in Dhahran of a major geoscience centre and the shift to Saudi Arabia of all exploration and petroleum engineering activities. At this facility, which became fully operational in 1984, the beginnings of stage-three technology transfer are already manifest. Résumé. Aramco, chargé par le gouvernement d'Arabie Saoudite de gérer les plus grandes réserves nationales de pétrole du monde, constitue la principal vecteur pour apporter la technologie pétrolière moderne à l'Arabie Saoudite. De plus, la compagnie a élaboré des stratégies détaillées pour le développement de la main d'oeuvre locale. De nombreux programmes ont été établis très tôt pour développer la compétence des travailleurs saoudiens dans les domaines industriels, techniques, professionnels et gestionnaires. Pendant la période de prospérité pétrolière, après l'année 1970, ces programmes ont encore été élargis. Cela a permis d'importants transferts malgré les notables progrès techniques de l'industrie. Le récent ralentissement pétrolier a permis à la compagnie de consolider ces gains. De la sorte, après les étapes du transfert technologique dans le domaine de l'opération et de la maintenance, la compagnie entame la troisième étape comportant des applications originales et des substitutions technologiques. La construction à Dhahran d'un important centre de sciences de la Terre et le déplacement à l'Arabie Saoudite de toutes les activités d'exploration et d'ingénierie pétrolières représentent un notable progrès dans cette voie. Le fonctionnement de ce centre, devenu entièrement opérationnel en 1984, est une preuve manifeste des débuts du transfert technologique à trois étapes. 1. INTRODUCTION Aramco is charged by the Government of Saudi Arabia with managing the largest national petroleum reserves on earth. In this capacity,
- Government > Regional Government > Asia Government > Middle East Government > Saudi Arabia Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Management > Professionalism, Training, and Education (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization (0.68)
- Data Science & Engineering Analytics > Information Management and Systems (0.68)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Gas processing (0.46)
I. SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION TEXTS the resulting curve against the price/volume matrix as described in his paper. In terms of the matrix, oil markets started in the Low/Low quadrant and gradually moved into the 1. Issues in petroleum supply and demandviews of the year 2000, by T. G. BURNS In addition to the material presented in his paper, Mr BURNS showed a graph of OPEC oil production since 1965 on the X-axis, plotted against the constant dollar spot price on the Y-axis (Figure 1). He tested Low Price/High Volume quadrant. The price shocks of the 1970s propelled the market abruptly into the High/High quadrant. The market response to this dislocation gradually brought both price and volume Alternative Views of the Year 2000 Spot Prices and OPEC Crude Production 1987 $I B 50 40 30 20 10 O 81 P 85 86 751r 7 79 1 17 6 77 3 10 20 30 40 Million Barrels per Day Fig. 1 79 80 FUTURE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM AND ENERGY ALTERNATIVES Alternative Views of the Year 2000 Pos sible "LOW" & "High" Trend Scenarios 1987 $I B ‘ccmfort Zone’ 50 40 30 20 10 O 10 20 30 40 Million Barrels per Day Fig. 2 back through the High Price/Low Volume quadrant into a more central range-perhaps suggesting the basis for a new equilibrium. For some time, it was believed that OPEC production in the range of 20 to 25 million B/D, the 'comfort zone', would provide adequate revenue without unduly straining current capacity. But volume alone is clearly not enough to define a stable equilibrium. OPEC production was 23 million B/D in 1970 at a constant 1986 dollar price of $3.50 per barrel and again in 1981 at $42 per barrel. He submitted that neither of these points represented an equilibrium. In the course of 1986, when prices fell to single-digit levels, the oil market temporarily dipped into the Low Price/Low Volume quadrant of the matrix. The December 1986 OPEC agreement to set production at 15.8 million B/D and fix prices at $18 per barrel brings the market back to the centre. Only time will tell if this agreement will help to re-establish the equilibrium the market is seeking. Mr. BURNS then proceeded to examine two basic scenarios in an effort to bracket the likely range of future market development. The Low Trend starts at $10-12 per barrel in 1987, rising to $18-22 per barrel and just over 30 million B/D of OPEC production in the year 2000. The High Trend starts at $20-25 per barrel rising to $28-35 per barrel and 26 million B/D in the year 2000. Plotted against both history and the OPEC 'comfort zone', those two alternatives seem to off er some insights into potential equilibrium conditions (Figure 2). However, he warned that we must alwa
- North America > Canada > Quebec > Arctic Platform (0.98)
- North America > Canada > Nunavut > Arctic Platform (0.98)
- Management > Asset and Portfolio Management (0.94)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (0.94)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (0.83)
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Abstract. What are the economic and political forces that will influence both the supply of and the demand for petroleum? Production techniques, exploration potential, and the role of enhanced recovery will influence the supply side. On the demand side of the equation, conservation, substitution and efficiency improvements will continue to play a major role. Understanding the basic limits imposed by economics and technology helps to circumscribe the arena in which political power can be exercised to influence oil markets. The integration of these factors into a coherent picture helps to define a number of plausible views of the developing petroleum supply/demand/price picture. Planners must evaluate all of the possible alternatives in order to test the ability of their plans to cope with the acknowledged uncertainties of the marketplace. Résumé. Quelles sont les forces économiques et politiques qui vont influencer à la fois l'offre et la demande de pétrole? Les techniques de production, le potentiel d'exploration et le rôle de la récupération assistée vont influencer l'offre. Quant à la demande, les améliorations concernant les économies d'énergie, le remplacement d'énergie et l'efficacité continueront à jouer un rôle extrêmement important. La connaissance des limites fondamentales imposées par la rentabilité et la technologie aide à circonscrire le domaine dans lequel le pouvoir politique pourra être utilisé pour influencer les marchés du pétrole. L'intégration de ces facteurs dans un tout cohérent aide à définir plusieurs vues probables de l'ensemble de l'évolution de l'offre, de la demande et des prix du pétrole. Les responsables devront évaluer toutes les solutions possibles afin d'examiner dans quelle mesure leurs projets permettent de faire face aux incertitudes reconnues du marché. INTRODUCTION From its earliest days, the oil industry has been subject to the extreme pressures of the marketplace. In many respects, stability and continuity have been the exception rather than the rule. Brief periods of stability have more often than not been punctuated by periods of extreme volatility and instability in oil markets. There are several factors inherent in the oil business which tend to create this phenomenon. Probably the most significant contributing factor is the underlying cost structure of the oil industry. Before trying to describe a set of possible views of the petroleum industry in the year 2000, it is necessary first to analyse some of the fundamental issues shaping the industry-past, present and future. Evaluation of the responses to a series of questions-some implicit in the ‘conventional wisdom’ of the industry and some raised by ‘contrarians’-may help to clarify these issues. 1. ARE OIL PRICES INHEREN
- Production and Well Operations (1.00)
- Management > Energy Economics > Market analysis /supply and demand forecasting/pricing (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery (0.67)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reserves Evaluation (0.66)
The expulsion of petroleum from mature source rocks is not an exhaustive process. Invariably, a certain proportion of the generated oil remains in the pore system of the source rock after primary migration has taken place. It is the study of the molecular composition of this residual oil in conjunction with a material balance approach which can clearly reveal the effects of primary migration. Indeed, evidence has been obtained regarding the mechanisms, the efficiency and the drainage effects of oil expulsion from mature source rocks of various kerogen qualities (type II and type III) from a detailed examination of these geochemical migration effects. In the rich, Upper Jurassic source rock of a North Sea field major petroleum expulsion commenced only after a certain threshold value of oil saturation in the pore system had been reached. Oil was expelled as a separate-phase fluid and expulsion efficiencies were very high. The edges (5-8 m wide) of thick source rock intervals and thin interbedded source rock layers expelled oil to a higher degree. Subsequent replenishment of these highly depleted zones by diffusion of light hydrocarbons from the reservoir accumulation has resulted in perturbation of the composition of the residual hydrocarbon mixtures. Mechanisms and efficiencies of primary migration are somewhat different for source rocks bearing type III-kerogens.
- North America > Canada (0.68)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea (0.49)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Geochemistry (1.00)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Economic Geology > Petroleum Geology (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock > Shale (0.35)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Western Canada Sedimentary Basin > Alberta Basin > Deep Basin (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 16/7a > Brae Field > Brae Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > South Viking Graben > Block 16/3b > Brae Field > Brae Formation (0.99)
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Abstract. Results of 3D seismic surveys generally permit considerably more reliable interpretations than those from 2D seismics. This can be attributed mainly to the 3D migration, but also to the greater information density and the availability of horizontal seismogram sections. Systematic interpretation of horizontal seismogram sections-in combination with the vertical sectionsfacilitates detailed structural statements. Rapid tying of interpreted horizons and faults between horizontal and vertical sections is facilitated by means of interactive work stations. Results of a 3D survey from the Alpine Molasse are used to illustrate how new structural elements can be found. The cyclic layering of the coal bearing Carboniferous in the Ruhr District sometimes leads to problems in the seismic interpretation, which can be better understood by investigating the reflectivity. Time and again 3D seismic results for investigating the zones ahead of the face in coal deposits have been confirmed by boreholes and mining development. As an example, the influence that seismic exploration has had on the development of a new model for a mine is shown. Résumé. Les résultats de mesures sismiques 3D permettent dans l'ensemble une interprétation beaucoup plus sûre qu'avec la sismique 2D, principalement en raison de la migration 3D, mais aussi de la plus grande densité des données et de la disponibilité des sections de sismogrammes horizontales. L'interprétation systématique des sections de sismogrammes horizontales livre, en liaison avec l'interprétation de sections verticales, des inforinations structurales plus détaillées. L'utilisation de postes de travail interactifs facilite une liaison rapide des horizons et failles interprétés entre sections horizontales et verticales. Les résultats d'une campagne de mesures 3D dans la molasse alpine illustrent comment de nouveaux éléments structuraux peuvent être trouvés. La stratification cyclique du Carbonifère houiller de la Ruhr provoque parfois en interprétation sismique des problèmes que l'étude de la réflectivité permet de mieux comprendre. Dans le cas de la recherche des avancées de gisements houillers, de nombreux résultats de sismique 3D ont déjà été confirmés par forages et exploitation miniers. Par exemple on a montré l'influence de l'exploration sismique sur le développement d'un nouveau modèle de gisement minier. 1. INTRODUCTION vertical sections-supplemented by horizontal sections-entails extensive routine work, such as tying Since the beginning of the '70s 3D seismic methods of horizons and faults, time-depth conversion, plothave been applied in the field development of known ting of time and depth data and the subsequent conh ydrocarbon and coal deposits as
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Organic-Rich Rock > Coal (1.00)
- Geology > Structural Geology (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Surface Seismic Acquisition (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (1.00)
Abstract. The paper describes the main developments and trends in Exploration and Production (E and P) Research. The following areas are covered: finding new HC reservoirs, characterization of reservoirs, recovery processes and reservoir simulation, well technology and offshore engineering. The main objectives of upstream R&D have been to extend the HC resource base and to reduce or contain the overall cost per unit produced. Much progress has been made. New concepts, tools, techniques etc. have been developed, which have contributed significantly to these objectives. Special attention is given to advances made in data acquisition, data processing and computer simulation. Limitations and further R&D required are briefly indicated. These developments will continue tp play a major role in E and P research, since they offer much potential for improvements in prospect selection, development planning and operations. Further integration of the various disciplines will be required to make full use of growing capabilities to integrate data and to optimize complex systems. The main activity for the near-term future will be to reduce the overall cost per unit produced. A number of R&D topics are indicated that are particularly promising in this respect. Certain long-term activities aimed at extending HC resources will receive somewhat less emphasis than in the recent past, but sharp discontinuities should be avoided if possible. Résumé. Cette communication expose les principaux progrès et les tendances en exploration et en production et traite les sujets suivants: la découverte de nouveaux gisements d'hydrocarbures, la caractérisation des gisements, les procédés de récupération et la simulation de gisements, la technologie des puits et l'ingénierie marine. Les objectifs principaux de la R et D en amont visent à accroître les ressources en hydrocarbures et à en réduire, ou limiter, le coût unitaire global. Des progrès considérables ont été réalisés grâce à des innovations en matière de conception, d'outils, de techniques... On insiste en particulier sur les progrès en collecte de données, en traitement de l'information et en simulation par ordinateur dont on indique rapidement les limitations et les travaux de R et D nécessaires par la suite. Ces progrès continueront à jouer un rôle capital dans la recherche en exploration et en production: ils offrent des possibilités nombreuses d'amélioration du choix des zones ainsi que du planning de développement et de l'exploitation. Une intégration plus poussée des différentes disciplines sera nécessaire pour pouvoir utiliser pleinement les possibilités croissantes d'intégration des données et d'optimisation de systèmes complexes. A court terme l'activité principale sera la réduction du coût unitaire tot
- North America (0.28)
- Europe (0.28)
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (0.93)
- North America > United States > Gulf of Mexico > Central GOM > East Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Green Canyon > Block 66 > Bullwinkle Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Gulf of Mexico > Central GOM > East Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Green Canyon > Block 65 > Bullwinkle Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Gulf of Mexico > Central GOM > East Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Green Canyon > Block 64 > Bullwinkle Field (0.99)
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- Well Drilling > Drilling Operations (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Simulation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
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[5]4 Seismic Stratigraphy and Exploration for Oil Traps in Sequences of Noncompensated Sedimentation
Kunin, N. Ya (USSR Academy of Sciences, USSR) | Bikbulatov, B. M. (Ministry of Oil Industry, USSR) | Votsalevsky, Z. S. (Ministry of Oil Industry, USSR) | Gogonenkov, G. N. (Ministry of Oil Industry, USSR)
Abstract. Seismic stratigraphic analysis of petroliferous sedimentary basins established extensive development of noncompensated sedimentary sequences (NSS). The NSS of long-time development form only in areas of continental high-velocity earth's crust. An explanation is given of the NSS as confined to mediterranean marine paleobasins whose area1 extent is as large as 2 to 3 mln sq km and depths down to 2 km and which do not have actual analogies. Sedimentation in such basins took place on paleobasins and the basins were predominantly filled with clinoforms that extended for hundreds of kilometres along a paleoslope. The NSS are divided into embedding sequences (NSS-I) and filling sequences (NSS-2). Three formations can be singled out in an NSS-1: delta front formation, reefal formation and condensed sheets; while in an NSS-2 atoll formations, evaporate formations and terrigenous clinoforms can be differentiated. The last have especially extensive development. The paper considers seismic-stratigraphic indicators for various NSS and the role they play in the generation and migration of oil and in the formation of oil fields. A new type of sedimentary bodies has been identified whose formation proceeded in the course of lateral progradation of paleoslopes termed as lanarclines. The studies of the Neocomian oil-bearing sequences of West Siberia and the Maikop formations of Cis-Caucasus provided data on which basis the regularities in the formation of reservoirs in lanarclines are brought out. Standardized approaches to make seismic-stratigraphic analysis of lanarclines are proposed by studying the spatialtemporal process of specifically identified localities. Résumé. Les principes de distribution des zones de sédimentation non compensées (ZSNC) ont été établis par l'analyse sismo-stratigraphique des bassins sédimentaires d'URSS. Les ZSNC ayant eu un long développement sont limités aux lieux de dépôts des bassins sédimentaires dont les profondeurs de socle dépassent 5 km. Lorsque cette profondeur se trouve dans la fourchette 1-5 km, les ZSNC correspondent aux intervalles du niveau de la mer D3 - C, J3 - K, P2 - Ni. Le volume total des ZSNC est supérieur à la moitie de la section sedimentaire. Les ZSNC représentent l'essentiel des ressources pétrolières. On a identifié deux types de ZSNC qui comprennent les pièges à l'intérieur des
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic > Jurassic (0.47)
- Phanerozoic > Mesozoic > Cretaceous > Lower Cretaceous (0.35)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Stratigraphy (1.00)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Mudrock (0.47)
- Geology > Structural Geology > Tectonics > Compressional Tectonics > Fold and Thrust Belt (0.46)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology > Depositional Environment > Marine Environment > Deep Water Marine Environment (0.46)
- Asia > Russia > Ural Federal District > Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug > Purovsky District > West Siberian Basin (0.99)
- Asia > Kazakhstan > West Kazakhstan > Uralsk Region > Precaspian Basin > Karachaganak Field (0.98)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Seismic processing and interpretation (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Geologic modeling (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)