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Finally, he includes Ecuador and Bolivia in a category named Economic Imperative, where implementing regulations or laws defining how private investment will be allowed access to the energy sector. Questions and Answers Mr. TORREA to Mr. STAINISLAW: Would you pleas give me an update on the scenario of the Latin America countries mentioned in your paper? To give a complete update would take a very long time. I do think the last slide addressed some of it. But other than saying that, to go into more detail would be very complex I think in a large group. Mr. ASENSIO to Mr. STANISLAW: Do you think that the establishment of new environmental regulations in South America might jeopardize new investments and if so in which countries? I won't go into the ‘which countries’ but the question on environmental regulations and Latin America. .. I think we should all realise all countries are moving towards common norms almost, in environmental standards. All of us in industry who are developing the downstream sector of the business or the upstream sector, or trying to develop our industries to meet environmental standards in the toughest place. This means difficulty for us if a country changes and adopts those policies: No. Means a different cost structure, means different rules in planning commissions one has to seek... which doesn't mean that it's closed off or makes it prohibited to our investment. It is just a recognition that whether they have the standards or not today, they will tomorrow, and we should think that way making our investments in those countries. There is no environmental free-kick. Everyone is moving in the same direction. Mr. RIBEN to Mr. STANISLAW: How do you see the supply and demand balance in Latin America developing, particularly in view of very forceful expansion plans (e.g. Venezuela)? Just a quick comment on Venezuela, we are all familiar with Venezuela's plans which is to double their production capacity over the next ten years, and they are well on their way on succeeding in those plans. The region Latin America will be an exporter. It is an exporter and it will continue to be so. It will be a major contributor to supplies in the Atlantic basin, and it will continue to be so as time goes forward. .. but equally saying that, there will be changing trade patterns within Latin America. You'll find more trade within the region also, as the demands pattern changes and supply patterns change in the region. This brings me to where I was at the very beginning, on logistics. Logistics, logistical systems aren't totally positioned for the Latin American trade yet and they will be. .. when the demand is really there for it. But equally to be a large exporter as we go forward in the next century. Mr. PATRITTI to Mr. STANISLAW: In your opinion which are the countries where competitiveness are better developed in South or Lat
- South America > Venezuela (1.00)
- North America > United States (1.00)
- North America > Central America (1.00)
Abstract. Previously we have developed a novel extraction of bitumen from Athabasca tar sand using aqueous sodium silicate and ultrasound at ambient atmosphere and room temperature. Not only is a high accumulative recovery observed, but also the recovered bitumen is upgraded which is virtually free of asphaltene. The mechanism of the recovery and upgrading of bitumen reveals that the in situ surfactants are active in the system including the spent aqueous solutions after the organics have been separated. Gas Chromatography for Fourtier transformed infrared spectroscopy have revealed that the active compounds are the salts of long-chain carboxylic acids with carbon number 14–22, occasionally containing nitrogen and sulphur atoms. They are typical surfactants generated in situ. Those spent solutions, containing the active surfactants, can be used repeatedly for the separation of oil from sand during sonic treatment. Soil in many urban settings has been severely contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, especially service station refineries, etc. Another source of contamination is on site of the oilfield operation in production, recovery and transportation. Yet, the most important type is accidental spills of the shoreline and beaches, such as Exxon-Valdez. We have used the sodium silicate-ultrasound technique for treatment of a variety of oil contaminated soils and the results are exceedingly good in each case. In practice, a drilling bit assembly equipped with multiple transducers and solution delivery system has been constructed. The ultrasound can be delivered within a few meters from the centre of the tip. For shallow soil operations the assemblage can be operated manually or by self-propulsion along fixed rails. Sodium silicate solutions with a small amount of hydrogen peroxide is delivered from the annulus of the drilling equipment. Spent solutions with the emulsions are pumped to a holding tank for the waste oil to separate. The spent solution can be reused over continuously. The efficiency of the oil recovery from contaminated soil of Brown field (gasoline station and oil storage area) average 92% as compared to the chemical analysis. For oil pollution data, the Valdez oil spillbeach sands from Prince William Sounds, Alaska averages 95% and a silt clay lean sample from Santa Barabara Beach rich in humus material, the efficiency is only 52%. Evidently in the latter case the adsorption of oil into biomass material can be difficult for the ultrasound assisted caustic extraction. SURFACTANTS AND THEIR IN SITU GENERATION Surfactants are amphiphilic substances or amphiphiles containing a hydrophilic long-chain tail and a hydrophilic polar head. They can be cationic, anionic, nonionic or ampholytic (zwitterionic). The asphaltic
- North America > United States > California (0.29)
- North America > United States > Alaska (0.25)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Athabasca Oil Sands (0.25)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type > Unconventional Play > Heavy Oil Play (1.00)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate (0.98)
Abstract. Inherently petroleum industries are involved with a high risk and environmental threat. Protection of earth's vital environment by turning petroleum industries eco-friendly is a call of the present time which will decide our fate in the 21st century. If we do not do so, the risk is great and the cost of environmental pollution control will be mammoth. Ramifying effects would be difficult to control afterwards. Moreover, progressively stringent emission standards have led to an exhorbitant increase in the cost of pollution control. The technology should be upgraded by continuous research for cheaper and eco-friendly processing and applications. We must achieve the twin goals of zero pollution and negligible cost of pollution control by different methods viz. converting nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide using zeolite catalyst, by stabilising carbon dioxide into biomass, by sulphur recovery from sour petroleum etc. The approach also has the following additional points to ponder: o Population explosion and poverty are limitations on pollution control. o Silting of rivers, flood situations, arms race are also threats. o Increasing gap between rich and poor causes stress on socio-environmental balance. o To transfer and hive energy from space to the earth for minimising the use of petroleum. o To find the sinks for balancing global warming. 1. THE PROBLEM Abundant amount of biomass, which was synthesized by Earth's vital environment through immeasurable reactions since millions of years ago, accumulated inside the crust of the earth, converted into petroleum. Earth's major environmental pollution problems have been generated by the multifarious uses of petroleum and associated chemical processes. Greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, ecological damages due to contamination by manmade chemicals make our future bleak. We have to reverse this trend and practice unto the values of nature's balance and nature's law. 2. PROVOKING THE AWARENESS World economics revolves around petrodollars. We are ready to do anything for grabing petroleum from the earth. We can wage wars, invite risks and threats, damage ecosystem to any extent for petroleum. We have to take immediate steps with scientific rationale and professional planning, making preventive and remedial steps obligatory by law, policies and pursuance as we can not afford the damage of our environment. This is the reason by which world is to unite. Ethics of sustainability is only in this spirit. 3. VISUALIZATION OF RESOURCEFULNESS We are foreseeing crisis in 21st Century. Consolidated effects are increasing the Risk exponentially with complexity. Question of existence is in front of this technological extravaganza. Thus protection of eart
Abstract. Current available refining and upgrading technology has many drawbacks. Among these, the most critical is the application of heat at an elevated temperature to crack large molecules. Not only can this create an array of environmental pollutants, but the non-specificity of applying energy for bond scission is not economical. Under specific conditions, ultrasound energy can create cavitation centers which result in instantaneously high temperature and pressure. At the interface of oil and water, the free radicals created or induced by cavitation are regulated through membrane-mimetic chemistry principles. It is anticipated that this ultrasoundassisted chemical process will be more specific for bond cleavage and thus reduce waste by-products formed. This new technology has been developed and proven to recover the upgraded lighter fuels from asphaltenecontaining fossil fuel sources. Sources involved are paving asphalt, heavy oil, coal liquids and bitumens. Using aqueous fuel source emulsions at ambient temperature and pressure at 20 KHz frequency and 20-600 W/cm2 power of sonication, the asphaltene can be converted to resin and gas oil fractions. The new process unit is anticipated to be in modular form, flexible in capacity and functions, and amenable to skid-mounting for transportation. Also the unit can be attached to existing facilities for refinery waste treatment. In refining application, the total hydrogen demand is substantially reduced since part of the hydrogen supply can be derived from water. An initial estimated energy cost is ﹩0.25/bbl, based on a 20000 bpd (3200 m3/d) plant. This operation cost, plus the low capital cost, and many environmental advantages, will make this refining process unique. CURRENT UPGRADING TECHNOLOGY Almost every upgrading and refining process involves some alteration or separation of the heaviest fraction of petroleum, asphaltene. Some of the practices involve: thermal scission of bonds of asphaltene at elevated temperature (delayed coking, thermal cracking); use of chemicals to terminate the free radial reactions after homolytic clevage (catalytical cracking, hydrocracking); conversion of asphaltene into other products (hydrogenation, solvent refining, visbreaking) or separation of asphaltene by some economic means (deasphaltene). All these conversions are carried out under high temperature (> 400 OC) and high pressure (- 2000 psig). Some drawbacks of the conventional methods are: strained and limited reaction vessel materials, too much hydrogen is used as a chemical beyond safety considerations; fugitive pollutions appear as byproducts in high temperature processing; non-specificity of the thermal energy applied is wasteful. Since the heterocyclic and metal components in petroleum represents only
- North America > United States > California (0.70)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.48)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs > Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Heavy oil upgrading (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Unconventional Production Facilities > Oil sand/shale/bitumen (0.97)
It's a privilege to be here in Beijing to talk about our industry and to honor the memory of Thomas Dewhurst, the father of the World Petroleum Congress. Mr. Dewhurst passed away in 1973. So he never witnessed the Arab oil embargo of that year or what happened to oil prices in the years that followed. If he were with us today, I think he would be proud that our industry has spent the 1990s learning how to be successful without high oil prices-and proving we don't need high oil prices in order to grow the industry. I'm proud of what we have achieved. But I'm just as proud of what we have contributed. Flat oil prices have provided tremendous counterinflationary benefits for people and businesses ail over the world. And our industry, in turn, has been a beneficiary of the global economic expansion. Ten years ago, my predecessor at Chevron, George Keller, told the World Petroieum Congress in Houston that he had ‘never seen tougher times’ in all his 39 years in the oil business. He observed that in early 1986, crude oil lost half its value, and spotmarket prices for Arab light fell as low as $10 per barrel. And he suggested that the best thing for the future would be a period of oil-price stability-not too low and not too high. I doubt that even George knew then how right he was about our industry's ability to respond to stable prices. And I think we can all agree: Even though the last 10 years were difficult, they have prepared us well for the next 20. ON THE THRESHOLD OF GROWTH As a result, we all share an enormous anticipation for growth. We want growth in Canada and Kuwait, at Bombay High and in Bakersfield, at Kutubu and Malongo, around the Persian Gulf and in the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Growth is what we promise our customers, stockholders and governments. Venezuela wants to double its oil production by 2006. Statoil wants to add 200000 barrels per day outside Norway by 2005. By the year 2000, Petrobras seeks a 50 percent increase in crude production and Ecopetrol aims to boost production to 1 million barrels per day. Also by 2000, LUKoil plans to invest in new production at twice today's spending level. Meanwhile, BP wants to grow production 60 percent in the next 10 years. China has new deals with Kazakhstan, Venezuela and Iraq-plus an alliance with Agip. They're also looking for onshore growth at home through ventures like the deep exploration project with Chevron at the Shengli Field. I think Petroleum Intelligence Weekly said it best when it called China ‘a new star on the world oil stage.’ As this congress has shown, we are today more complex, dynamic and diverse than ever before. But more than anything else, we are more driven, because we have every r
- North America > United States > California > Kern County > Bakersfield (0.24)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia > Arabian Gulf (0.24)
- Asia > China > Beijing > Beijing (0.24)
- Asia > China > Shandong > North China Basin > Shengli Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > New Mexico > Permian Basin > Pearl Field > Queen Formation (0.89)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia > Arabian Gulf (0.89)