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Collaborating Authors
Natural Gas Conversion and Storage
Abstract. Low energy prices were considered for years, as a necessary condition to encourage economic development in Algeria. But this pricing policy has reached its limits, and indeed, appeared to be negative in its effects on the economy. Important economic deficits in oil and gas production and marketing companies, subsidized prices fostered misuse and waste between our hydrocarbon resources and their use. The introduction of economic reforms made it necessary to remodel the Algerian energy pricing policy. The new pricing system, which is seen as a way to implement the Algerian energy consumption pattern, is aimed to:–Ensure a maximum level of budget earnings, –Improve the financial situation of the companies operating in the oil and gas sector, –Provide a more balanced use of the country's hydrocarbon resources adoption of the new pricing system in 1990. In the second part of the paper, we will show the different steps taken in designing energy tariffs since the I NTRO D U CTIO N The price policy of energy products set up in 1968 in the wake of the nationalization of foreign marketing companies was intended to allow a cheaper supply of energy to the various parts of the economy within the framework of a development policy designed to sustain growing industries. Since 1968, the prices of energy products have progressed, but the progress affected only the tax levy included in the prices, not the payment of operators, which was left nearly unchanged. This low prices policy and the relative freezing of operators' income led to: ~ on the one hand, the squandering of energy resources resulting in an unbalance between the structure of our energy resources and the structure of consumption; - and on the other hand, the creation of a corporate financial imbalance induced companies to resort to compensation practices and to obtain bank overdrafts so feeding inflation. In order to put an end to the distortions brought about by the old system to the production plants as well as to the national economy, the Ministry of Energy put forward late in 1990 a report in connection with the pricing of energy products. The approach proposed in that report and approved by the interministerial board on 17 December 1990, was based on the following principles. 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1.1. True prices and the recovering of petroleum revenue Taking into account the long term tendencies of the national supply in the various forms of energy (crude oil, condensate, refined products, natural gas, LPG), the price policy should lead to: - on the other hand, the progressive adjustment of the national economy to the cost and price conditions prevailing in the international market; - and, on the other hand, the recovering by the state of the greatest part of the revenue with the purpose of distributing it according to the economic and social choices of the countr
Abstract. With nearly one third of the world's gas reserves the Middle East is increasing in importance as a source of gas for the worlds markets. Today and in the near future all the gas exported from the Middle East flows to Asia in the form of LNG where it finds its best netback value. However with gas demand in Europe set to grow significantly to 2010 and beyond, supply diversification is increasingly important as a mean to enhance security of supply. TOTAL, with its involvement in four LNG projects in the Middle East, is well placed to outline how gas from the region either by pipeline or in liquified form can play an important role in the future gas supply balance of Western Europe and at what price. INTRO D U CTIO N The subject of Middle East gas as a future source of gas supply to Western Europe is of special interest to TOTAL: the company is increasingly a gas company; we have been present in the Middle East since 1924; and the European gas market, where TOTAL is based, is changing under pressure from markets and gas customers. The future growth in European gas demand coupled with the inevitable decline in existing indigenous and nearby reserves, begs the question of how Europe's future gas needs will be met. EUROPE'S LONG TERM SUPPLY O PTIONS It was Europe's own gas reserves that enabled a gas market to grow. When we compare the present level of reserves in Europe to those in the neighbouring regions we can clearly see that in order to meet the future demand, the European gas market will be forced to call both upon Russian production and new, as yet untapped reserves. The Middle East is well placed as the next potential supplier. We are currently experiencing the first approach from the Middle East to the European gas market in the form of LNG. It is more than likely that in the future this situation will lead, at least in some markets, to lively competition between Russian and Middle East gas. When the countries of the Middle East are considered, it is clear that, from the point of view of exporting gas to Europe, Iran with its huge reserve base is best placed for a gas pipeline to Europe. However, when we consider LNG exports the picture changes. Yemen and Oman, with their small reserve base but limited internal demand, are geographically well placed. GAS MARKET CONDITIONS Gas and oil often compete in the same markets but unlike oil, gas markets are regional or local. Each of the main markets have their own structure and different sales prices. Some of the European gas markets, increasingly interconnected, can be considered to be mature in many respects, and growth is forecast to be on average 2-3% per year in the next 10 years. The value of the gas in the different sectors is determined by reference to the competing fuels, almost always petroleum products, and therefore gas in E
- Europe > Middle East (1.00)
- Africa > Middle East (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Yemen (0.25)
- (2 more...)
Abstract. A mathematical model of LNG behaviour in the well while injecting into a depleted reservoir is proposed. The model takes into account the changes of the film coefficient for heat transfer and the LNG viscosity, isobaric heat capacity and thermal conductivity during its downwards motion. The aim was not only to eliminate the traditional surface gasification stage before injection, but also to avoid problems related to LNG entrance into the reservoir in a cryogenic liquid form close to its surface state. Therefore the possibility to gasify LNG in the well while injecting was considered. To verify this possibility under real field conditions, the energy quantity necessary for the LNG gasification in relation to the reservoir bottom hole conditions was estimated. Then PC calculations of the whole injection process were carried out for several cases which approximate given Italian field conditions and injection scenarios. Both situations of the artificial and natural heat transfer to the LNG were examined. The LNG state and other parameter distributions along the well were obtained. The role of different problem parameters in the injection process was estimated. INTRODUCTION A mathematical model was developed to verify the possibility of gasifying LNG in the well while injecting into a depleted gas reservoir. This would eliminate the necessity of a conventional gasification process on surface before injection and avoid problems related to LNG entering the reservoir in a cryogenic liquid form close to its surface state. Theoretically, on the pressure-volume phase plane there are many possible routes from the initial surface LNG state to its desired final bottom hole state with pressure and density greater than that of the reservoir gas. The problem is how to achieve this change in state so that the LNG bottom hole temperature is near the undisturbed reservoir temperature in order to avoid the undesirable blocking of the pore space (due to the reservoir water freezing and gas hydrate formation) and hydraulic fracturing of the depleted reservoir (forbidden by the Italian legislation). The injection process may be controlled to some extent by appropriate design and choice of well geometry, surface LNG state, injection regime, heat transfer distribution along the well, etc.. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND CALC U LATI O N R ES U LTS Most consideration was given to the case of stationary single phase fluid motion. Stationarity provides better control of the injection process and the borehole wall is not subjected to varying loads which can lead to fatigue failure. In the real Italian injection scenarios, the LNG state before injection is located quite far from the two-phase zone on the pressure-volume phase diagram, so that the LNG transformation into gas takes place without passing through a two-phase state. Therefore stationary single phase
- Europe > Italy (0.16)
- North America > United States (0.15)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
Abstract. The demand of natural gas in Europe is increasing steadily, thus North African countries, and Middle East producers in a longer term, represent an excellent opportunity to fulfil1 the increasing gap between European demand and indigenous production. Important reasons, other than commercial ones, support the development of gas trade in the Mediterranean Basin. The European Union has a firm commitment to promote the economic prosperity and hence contribute to the political stability in the region. The construction of pipelines linking producers and markets appears to be a powerful instrument of a long term economic cooperation among all countries in the area. The idea of a Mediterranean Gas Ring is gaining support among the gas companies located around the Mediterranean Sea. If the Transmed pipeline was the first link of this gas ring, the Maghreb-Europe pipeline (GME) is the Western section of this mega project, connecting the Hassi RMel Algerian fields with the Iberian Peninsula through Morocco and the Straits of Gibraltar. This pipeline, operative from October 1996, has been conceived to transport more than 20 Tm3 gas per year. Nevertheless, apart from its function as a gas transporter, it has contributed to the objective of establishing firmer economic relationships among the countries involved and has contributed to the conciliation of diverse political interests. The poster presentation covers the following issues:–a detailed description of the pipeline; physical characteristics, cost and finance, markets supplied, etc.; –an overall description of the contractual agreements between the interested parties; the way the pipeline –some implications of the project apart from gas supply; economic and social cohesion of the area. operates It is generally accepted nowadays that natural gas is the transition energy to the twenty-first century. World-wide consumption amounted to 2.200 billion cubic metres in 1995, what represented 23 per cent of the world energy demand. The natural gas market in the European Union is expected to exceed 430 billion cubic metres in the year 2010 from 300 billion in 1995. To attend the growing demand in Europe, gas companies should have to look for gas from more remote gas fields since local gas production will not be sufficient to cover the additional demand and even will start to decrease in the next decade. This fact confirms that the European Union offers a great market opportunity for gas exporting countries, provided that the gas infrastructure exists to deliver this fuel in the market at a competitive price. Some Northern- African countries are perfectly suited to take advantage of this opportunity due to their location and their production/consumption ratios. It is in this context
- Europe (1.00)
- Africa > Middle East > Morocco (0.39)
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria (0.32)
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria > Laghouat Province > Oued Mya Basin > Hassi Rmel Field > M'zab Formation (0.98)
- Africa > Middle East > Algeria > Laghouat Province > Berkine Basin (Trias/Ghadames Basin) > Hassi Rmel Field > M'zab Formation (0.98)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (0.56)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design (0.35)
Abstract. Natural gas will play an increasing role in the energy basket of the 21st century. Overall world energy demand is expected to grow at less than 2% per annum in the foreseeable future but the natural gas demand growth rate is projected at 3%. Accordingly, natural gas' market share will grow from 23% currently to about 28% by 2010. World LNG demand is projected to grow at 7% per annum, and it will double LNGs contribution to the energy basket from 1% currently to 2% in 2010. The availability of pipeline gas in certain markets such as Europe and North America limits LNG growth opportunities in these areas for the time being. Near term, LNG in the U.S. will remain primarily a peak shaving resource while European LNG growth will be largely dependent on the reliability of imports from Russia and Africa. The greatest growth in LNG demand will be in the Asia Pacific region, where new demand from emerging countries will supplement growth in Japan/Korea/Taiwan demand. LNG could be a major contributor for satisfying Asia Pacific region's energy needs, provided the huge financing requirements of grassroots LNG ventures do not limit available supplies. INTRODUCTION * Natural gas will play an increasing role in the energy basket of the 21st century. Total world energy demand is projected to grow at less than 2% per annum for the foreseeable future. In the emerging economies of Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union (FSU), however, that rate is considerably higher. Governments in these nations are becoming increasingly systematic in determining what is the appropriate national energy mix required to satisfy this demand. Growing environmental awareness, the availability of supply, and the economic and technical efficiency of natural gas suggest it will play a larger role in the energy mix of the future. As a result of this emerging global preference for natural gas, energy industry participants are taking a closer look at their own gas positions. More and more, companies that have traditionally been oilfocused are now reviewing the potential contribution of natural gas ventures to their corporate portfolios. And, in reviewing the regional requirements for gas, * Natural gas and LNG market estimates contained in this article have been provided by Arthur D. Little, Inc. The estimates are based primarily on historical data compiled by IEA and Gotaas Larsen and supplemented by industry interviews, press releases, and the industry expertise of Arthur D. Little consultants. Estimates reflect the best efforts of Arthur D. Little, Inc. it is evident that economic and logistical factors will limit the ability of pipeline gas to satisfy all of the demand. In the face of that realization,
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Turkey > Mediterranean Sea > Mediterranean Basin > Cilicia Basin (0.99)
- North America > United States (0.89)
- Europe > Spain (0.89)
Abstract. It is now largely accepted that natural gas will play a major and growing role in supplying future world primary energy needs. This energy source is gradually taking up a better position worldwide in an increasing number of consuming countries. Indeed, its intrinsic qualities combined with an abundance of resources give it priority in energy demand scenarios, especially in the power generation sector. The unequal distribution of gas resources on the earth and the gradual remoteness of the most recent discoveries will lead obviously to a tremendous increase in the international gas trade. The setting up of an adequate production and transportation infrastructure will bring huge investments to make gas available to most consuming markets and also the less endowed with gas resources. Therefore, it will be necessary not only to finance those projects, but also to develop these reserves at the least expensive cost in order to preserve gas competitiveness with other energy sources. Technological progress, and also new industrial approaches have to be strengthened and encouraged. Furthermore, a closer cooperation between all partners will open greater prospects for this energy promised to a bright future. 1. INTRODUCTION During the last 15 yr, world energy demand grew by 21% and, in the same period, gas demand increased by 46%. Indeed, natural gas was the fastest growing fossil fuel. By 2010, world energy demand is projected to increase again rapidly by 30-40%, and the fossil fuels share is expected to remain relatively stable at 90%. For both technological and environmental factors, a further significant increase in the use of gas is expected in the future. However, competition with oil and coal for both prices and funds will be the challenge that the gas industry will have to face. In the past, this industry has shown its ability to adapt to new constraints. It must follow this successful way in the future. 2. WORLD NATURAL GAS DEMAND TRENDS After more than two decades of steady and sustained growth, worldwide natural gas demand shows bright prospects for further expansion. Natural gas share in world energy balances is expected to increase up to 25% by 2010, compared with 23% in 1995. Indeed, environmental issues and a growing awareness of ecological problems favour the gas option. Natural gas is seen as a clean fuel, with powerful and appreciated assets when compared with other fossil fuels. See Fig. 1. In addition, the increase in the use of gas is closely linked to the performances of gas technologies, mainly in the power generation sector where the use of gas in combined cycle power plants and in cogeneration is developing rapidly. Better efficiency, lower production costs and plant investments as well as greater flexibility of use are some of the advantages that give gas a determinant position when compared to its competing energy sou
- Europe (1.00)
- North America (0.68)
- Asia > Middle East > Qatar (0.28)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.46)
- Asia > Russia > Ural Federal District > Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug > West Siberian Basin > South Kara/Yamal Basin > Bovanenkovskoye Field (0.99)
- Asia > Middle East > Qatar > Arabian Gulf > Rub' al Khali Basin > North Field > Laffan Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Indonesia > Natuna Sea > Sarawak - East Natuna Basin > Natuna Field (0.99)
- (3 more...)
- Management > Asset and Portfolio Management (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
Abstract. Russia is one of a few countries in the world, that fully satisfies its needs in natural gas and exports it to other countries. The specific weight of Russian gas reserves in the world balance is 36%. 594.9 billion m3 of gas were produced in 1995 in Russia. Proved reserves and forecasted resources of natural gas in Russia with confidence allow us to direct the development of the energy of the country towards its use in the 21st century. Gasprom develops 78 gas and gas condensate fields, maintains 144.2 thousand km of trunk gas pipelines, 245 compressor stations with 40.2 million kW total power, operates 21 underground natural gas Storages. The contribution of natural gas to the structure of energy resources in Russia is 45%, and by 2010 will increase to 57%. Sufficient transformations are planned in the structure of natural gas use in the national economy. In the future Russian natural gas export to CIS and other countries is to increase, new projects of natural gas transportation have been worked out. INTRODUCTION Philosophizing on their forecasts for world power production, Russian scientists worked out a concept of the ‘methane era’, or the ‘gas bridge to the future’. The specific role of natural gas is well recognized in the solution of energy and environmental problems, improvement of living conditions and implementation of energy-saving technologies. The reserves of natural gas will have made it possible to resolve the problems of steady fuel and power supply and improve the environment before the middle of the new century. During that period mankind will be able to create prerequisites for a transfer to the development of power production on the basis of safe new generation nuclear power plants, to work out environmentally sound technologies using coal, and to broadly employ non-traditional renewable power sources. According to the World Gas Union, the reserves of gas on this planet can be estimated at 398 trillion m3 (143 trillion m3 proved). Major reserves of this fuel made it possible to increase during 20 yr (1973–1993) world power consumption by 38%, 65% of the gain covered by natural gas. And despite the period of cheap oil, the share of gas in the balance of primary fuel reserves increased from 19–23% while the share of oil and coal decreased from 49 to 40% and from 30–27%, respectively. The European Energy Agency forecasts that the world gas consumption in 2010 may become 3.3 trillion m3/yr (approximately 24% of total power consumption). The gas industry evolved in many world regions as a companion to the oil industry and stayed in its shadow. It is only in the U.S.A. that this industry is an independent sector enjoying more than a century of its history.
- Europe > Russia (1.00)
- Asia > Russia > Ural Federal District > Tyumen Oblast (0.28)
- Europe > Russia > Volga Federal District > Orenburg Oblast > Precaspian Basin > Orenburg Field (0.97)
- Asia > Russia > Ural Federal District > Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug > West Siberian Basin > South Kara/Yamal Basin > Kharasaveyskoye Field (0.93)
- Asia > Russia > Ural Federal District > Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug > West Siberian Basin > South Kara/Yamal Basin > Bovanenkovskoye Field (0.93)
- (8 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Storage Reservoir Engineering > Natural gas storage (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage (1.00)
Abstract. The share of natural gas in global energy consumption has been rising steadily during the past decades and still remains on growth track. Of the world's two major natural gas provinces, the largest (Russia) is being exploited, while the other (The Middle East) is still rather untapped-hence its bearing on future gas supplies. Initially in this paper, the present status of natural gas in Middle Eastern countries is reviewed and the imbalance between proved reserves (32.4% Worldwide) and actual 1995 production (6.6% of World) is underlined. Furthermore, the gas industries of its major countries are highlighted. Turning to the future, the major options available to Middle East natural gas reserves holders are investigated. It is clear that from an economical point of view, domestic options look more attractive in the Middle East than export projects. The question of the future gas prices is reviewed as this matter will influence the feasibility of major export schemes. An attempt is made of outlining the future supply of natural gas from the Middle East, either in pipelines or LNG form (up to the year 2010). and it is concluded that the Middle East's present share in gas world trade is bound to grow considerably. 1. INTRODUCTION Natural gas began life as an unwanted by-product of crude petroleum production and as an unusable mineral resource. At the turn of the century, it eventually became a source of primary energy in the U.S.A. After the end of the second world war it gradually became a component of the global energy mix, with a noticeable growth in the West European market. Then, in the 1970s, Japan became a major user of natural gas too. Within a span of seven decades, natural gas's share of worldwide energy needs has steadily increased: from around 2% in 1920 to 23.3% in 1995l-as shown in Fig. 1. Projections for the future uses of natural gas show that its share of the global energy mix could still increase in the early 21st century: assuming ‘business as usual’, its share could rise from the present 23.3% to around 25% of global primary energy requirements by the year 2010'. 2. PRESENT STATUS OF PROVED GAS RESERVES As far as natural gas reserves worldwide are considered, two major provinces dominate the scene: Russia and the Middle East. These two major provinces account for roughly two-thirds of proved world gas reserves: their respective shares amount to 34.4% and 32.4% of total reserves. A breakdown of these reserves by region is presented in Table I and a simple graphical view is shown in Fig. 2. As can been seen from Table I, besides the two dominating provinces, the rest of world gas reserves seem to be evenly split amongst the six other regions. 3. TWO MAJOR PROVINCES If the proved reserves of
- Europe (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Iran (0.70)
- Asia > Middle East > Qatar > Arabian Gulf > Rub' al Khali Basin > North Field > Laffan Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Middle East > Iran > Razavi Khorasan > Amu-Darya Basin > Khangiran Field (0.99)
- Asia > Middle East > Iran > Fars > Zagros Basin > Dalan Field (0.98)
- (2 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reserves Evaluation (1.00)
- Management > Asset and Portfolio Management > Reserves replacement, booking and auditing (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
Abstract. The earth's population is forecasted to be 11.3 billion in the year 2100, of which Africa and the developing countries will have the highest growth rate. This, together with an expected higher standard of living, means that the world energy requirements will be astronomical in the future. Satisfying those requirements while minimizing carbon dioxide output, places natural gas in a prominent position in satisfying global energy demand in the 21st century. Identified analysis of the reserves of non renewable conventional energy resources of the world estimates the share compromised of natural gas to be 115–120 x lo9 toe or 13.4-14% and 228 x 209 toe of remaining ultimate reserves or 12% of the total. The forecasted supply of natural gas for the year 2050 is estimated to be 5000–6100 x lo6 toe or 28-29% of total energy supply of 18 100–21 O00 x lo6 toe. If the scenario for decarbonization of energy uses is taken seriously, the share of natural gas should be at least these figures. Considering the global geographical distribution of natural gas reserves and the areas where demand would increase in future, together with present world energy price structure and the existance of numerous constraints in global transportation of natural gas, this forecast may not be achievable. The paper will address this important concern and discusses ways for solving the problem. 1. INTRODUCTION In the year 2100 the earth's population is forecast to be 11.3 billion of which Africa and the developing countries will have the highest growth rate. This, together with expected higher standard of living means that the world energy requirements will be astronomical in the future. Satisfying those requirements while minimizng global carbon dioxide output may well be the most formidable challenge in the 2 1 st century. In this connection the paper outlines the strategies for satisfying the global energy requirements and explain what should be the portion of natural gas a premium low producing CO, source of energy in the world energy pie, and what would the constraints in meeting its share. Energy, particularly energy derived from fossil fuels will continue to play a prominent role in the driving force of the global economy, since their reserves are abundant and would last for many decades. Ultimate availability of enery resources and the size of recoverable fossil energy resources change with price levels, recovery technology developments, transport technology for long distance natural gas transmission, geopolitical conditions, etc. Table I shows that the cumulative production of resources has not reached an appreciable level of the original reserves of each energy source. The position of natural gas against crude oil shows a larger R/P
- Europe (1.00)
- Africa (1.00)
- North America > United States (0.95)
- Asia > Middle East > Syria (0.28)
The Chairman opened the meeting by wel- coming everybody and explaining that there were now only three papers in the forum as two had been withdrawn. He introduced himself and then asked the vice chairmen, Dr. A. ROJEY and Mr. J. ZANAT to introduce themselves. The Chairman explained that with only three papers, he proposed that each of the speakers be introduced by one of the chairman and that after each speaker there would be about two questions taken directed specifically at the topic which the speaker's paper had addressed. He then proposed that the chairmen and speakers form a forum on the podium and take general questions for discussion amongst the audience and the speakers. He mention- ed that he had approached the poster-presenters and asked them to join the forum if possible. The posters supported the theme of the forum and this approach would enable the posters to get a wider airing. The first forum paper was by Dr ZEINER who gave his paper entitled ‘Experience of CNG as an Environmentally Benign Transportation Fuel’. The paper described experimental work utilizing light transport vehicles around Vienna. The light duty vehicle was originally equipped with a gasoline engine combined with a three-way catalyst system. For a CNG operation, a multipoint gas feed system was added which ran on stoichiometric mixtures and therefore took advantage of the existing catalytic converter in the exhaust. The vehicle was also able to run on gasoline by just turning a switch. The objec- tive of the experiments was to test and compare gas- oline and CNG as a transport fuel with particular respect to environmental, economic and maintenance aspects of their operation. They had very few oper- ational problems with CNG and ultimately the test results collected indicated that with some further technological refinement, light duty vehicles running on CNG can contribute significantly to the improve- ment of the urban environment. In the question time after his paper, Dr. ZEINER was asked by Dr. BADAKHSHAN of the University of Calgary, Canada, whether he had considered dual fuel engines with diesel and compressed gas and what sort of vehicle was used. Dr. ZEINER replied that they had not studied this particular aspect and that the vehicle that they used was a small transport vehicle with a turbo charged 1.9 litre engine. JOHN MEEDER (I.G.U.) then commented that the advantages of compressed natural gas for trans- portation were obvious, but so far had only been a hobby for gas companies. It seemed to him that there needed to be a commitment by oil companies to sell CNG in gasoline stations from pumps adjacent to gasoline and LPG pumps and in a wide spread of locations. In response, Dr. ZEINER said they had concluded that the main criteria for successful implementation of CNG were two-fol
- Asia (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Alberta > Census Division No. 6 > Calgary Metropolitan Region > Calgary (0.25)
- Europe > Austria > Vienna (0.24)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Liquified natural gas (LNG) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Natural Gas Conversion and Storage > Compressed natural gas (CNG) (1.00)