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Collaborating Authors
15th World Petroleum Congress
Abstract. The effect of deregulation on the Japanese oil market still seems to be limited. In the mid-and longterm outlook, however, deregulation will progress to make access from foreign countries, mainly from Asia, easier. In the meantime, the Japanese petroleum industry will strengthen its international competitiveness with the intention of doing more business in Asia. The relation between Japan and Asia will be further deepened to form a unified Asian market. At the same time, energy demand in Asia will increase and their dependence on the Middle East will also increase to a level never seen in the past. There are many problems to be solved by the Asian alliance, such as stable energy supply, environmental issues and financing. It is an unquestioned duty for the Japanese oil companies to contribute to Asia by effectively applying the technical and financial capabilities of Japan. Moreover, for the Asian countries themselves, it might eventually be preferable to adopt a pan-Asian vision. The unification of the Asian energy market is the right direction to be pursued in promoting economic development of Asia. Indeed, deregulation in Japan is the first step towards the unification of the Asian market. 1. DEREGULATION OF THE JAPANESE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY INSTITUTED APRIL 1966 Background of the deregulation In April, 1996, as industry, government and markets, as well as the mass media, looked on with great interest, the Japanese Government took a bold deregulatory measure to unfetter the petroleum industry by which they abolished the Provisional Law on the Importation of Specific Petroleum Products, or the PLISPP as it was commonly known. The effect of the deregulation was that it allowed any party, in principle, to import gasoline, kerosene or diesel oil. Previously, only refiners had been permitted to do this. The process of deregulation of the petroleum industry dates back to 1987, when MITI, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, set about its โAction Program for Deregulationโ for the petroleum industry. The program called for the implementation of such measures as the relaxation of controls on new refining capacity, the discontinuation of quotas on crude oil throughput and gasoline production, and the abolition of certain restrictions on construction of new service stations. The elimination of the PLISPP can be interpreted as the finishing touch to deregulation, which will be reinforced by the relaxation of most remaining regulations on service stations, including the Designated Area System, under which the Government designates an area where a service station is regulated to be built in order to prevent excessive competition, and also the prohibition of self-service stations. Please refer to Fig. 1. These decisions hav
- Government > Regional Government > Asia Government > Japan Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > Central Graben > Block 22/7 > Nelson Field > Forties Formation (0.98)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > Central Graben > Block 22/6a > Nelson Field > Forties Formation (0.98)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > Central Graben > Block 22/12a > Nelson Field > Forties Formation (0.98)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Central North Sea > Central Graben > Block 22/11 > Nelson Field > Forties Formation (0.98)
Abstract. Low energy prices were considered for years, as a necessary condition to encourage economic development in Algeria. But this pricing policy has reached its limits, and indeed, appeared to be negative in its effects on the economy. Important economic deficits in oil and gas production and marketing companies, subsidized prices fostered misuse and waste between our hydrocarbon resources and their use. The introduction of economic reforms made it necessary to remodel the Algerian energy pricing policy. The new pricing system, which is seen as a way to implement the Algerian energy consumption pattern, is aimed to:โEnsure a maximum level of budget earnings, โImprove the financial situation of the companies operating in the oil and gas sector, โProvide a more balanced use of the country's hydrocarbon resources adoption of the new pricing system in 1990. In the second part of the paper, we will show the different steps taken in designing energy tariffs since the I NTRO D U CTIO N The price policy of energy products set up in 1968 in the wake of the nationalization of foreign marketing companies was intended to allow a cheaper supply of energy to the various parts of the economy within the framework of a development policy designed to sustain growing industries. Since 1968, the prices of energy products have progressed, but the progress affected only the tax levy included in the prices, not the payment of operators, which was left nearly unchanged. This low prices policy and the relative freezing of operators' income led to: ~ on the one hand, the squandering of energy resources resulting in an unbalance between the structure of our energy resources and the structure of consumption; - and on the other hand, the creation of a corporate financial imbalance induced companies to resort to compensation practices and to obtain bank overdrafts so feeding inflation. In order to put an end to the distortions brought about by the old system to the production plants as well as to the national economy, the Ministry of Energy put forward late in 1990 a report in connection with the pricing of energy products. The approach proposed in that report and approved by the interministerial board on 17 December 1990, was based on the following principles. 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1.1. True prices and the recovering of petroleum revenue Taking into account the long term tendencies of the national supply in the various forms of energy (crude oil, condensate, refined products, natural gas, LPG), the price policy should lead to: - on the other hand, the progressive adjustment of the national economy to the cost and price conditions prevailing in the international market; - and, on the other hand, the recovering by the state of the greatest part of the revenue with the purpose of distributing it according to the economic and social choices of the countr
Abstract. This paper briefly discusses the current status and expected trends of the economies of the Central-East European countries and -gives an overview about the recent developments and future prospects for capitalising expansion of the oil industries in the region. In the past generally large state-run conglomerates held monopolistic positions in the oil industries. Since the early 1990's the downstream sector has undergone a period of significant restructuring. Most of the oil companies were reorganised and became joint stock companies which are either fully state owned or have already been partially privatised. Some countries have profoundly modified the legal framework of the energy sector but sometimes excessive bureaucracy, confusion on responsibilities, rapid regulatory changes or delay in decision making are still the main barriers to the privatisation process. The main challenge to the Central-East European Downstream industry is to stabilise its position in this transition environment, react quickly and efficiently to the changes, build up more effective marketing infrastructure and apply the European Union environmental and product quality standards. Attraction of foreign capital for investment is essential for many companies. The state can facilitate this process with a more consistent, stable taxation and legislation system in accordance with the EU norms. I. INTRODUCTION Since 1989 significant and non-reversible changes have taken place in the political, economic and social life of the Central-European countries but still many challenges have to be faced on the path leading from a centrally planned economy towards a free market economy. These countries inherited diverse states of economic development and the pace of the undergoing changes are also very different. Therefore the current transition period is quite uneven in these countries and the region is not homogeneous. The countries of this formal โblockโ achieved remarkable results by remodelling their economy into a more market oriented system by restructuring their production and ownership pattern, furthermore by creating modern legislation and institutions which are needed for a market economy. Even so the whole transition period is remarkably uneven in this group, the speed of the changes are quite different. But while the situation is diverse, most of the countries in the region have a common objective to become members of the European Union. Hopefully these prospects will act as a stimulus to further economic progress and reforms. For this task some of these countries established a regional co-operation forum, the CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Agreement, actually integrating the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and more recently Ro
- Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.69)
- Europe > Slovakia (0.89)
- Europe > Czech Republic (0.89)
Abstract. Corrosion leading to pipe failure went unnoticed, despite the vigilance of highly qualified inspection agents, and caused a major refinery accident. This event has given rise to a review of the elements that condition the reliability of inspection: Non Destructive Testing (NDT), Inspection Planning and Quality Assurance. Among the wide range of existing NDT methods, emphasis is placed on those offering high potential for progress, such as the following: Intelligent pigging for pipelines, ultrasound devices used for reactors and tanks, and related developments in data acquisition and processing. To optimize Pipe Inspection Planning, methodology guidelines have been developed with a critical matrix that factors in both the probability and the consequence level of failure. In Quality Assurance, one example of recent headway is a Quality Assurance Inspection Handbook for pressure equipment, modelled on the quality standard IS0 9002. Overall, it should be remembered that the quality of an inspection service relies on human competence. No matter how well supported by specific certificates, this competence must first and foremost be based on sound experience as well as personal assets that include powers of observation, rigour, honesty and good sense. 1. A MAJOR ACCIDENT In 1992, the rupture of an 8 in. (200 mm) pipe in a refinery resulted in six fatalities, damages amounting to $300000000, and a shutdown to the different facilities for 12โ18 months. The cause of this failure was corrosion4orrosion that had not been detected despite a very elaborate pipe inspection system backed by 20yr of data recorded on the same installation (Fig. 1). 2. INSPECTION AND PREVENTION The purpose of equipment inspection, among other means of prevention, is to reduce losses-the loss of human lives, damage losses, on property and environmental resources, production losses, dollar loss, even loss in image and reputation-and especorroded by pass i leak of LPG i FCC u Absorber stripper 2' Fig. 1. Disastrous consequences from a corroded pipe. cially to prevent major accidents and catastrophes. As the accident mentioned earlier shows, a very small cause can have very large consequences. Inspection service plays a crucial role in petrochemical industry insuring safety and reliable operation. A pipe rupture is classified as โequipment failureโ. This label is too succinct and provides no useful information that might serve to improve prevention. Thorough analysis does: a rational method such as cause tree analysis makes it possible to identify all possible causes of failure. In the case at hand, an operational error can be excluded since it was established that the pipe was corroded. We are clearly dealing with a problem of inadequate awareness of the state of the equipment. Insight as to the state of equipment requires a combination of different means: -
- Law (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.88)
Abstract. The increase in the desire for mobility over the last 50 years has led to a dramatic growth in the number of vehicles throughout the world and a concomitant increase in demand for fuels and lubricants. This growth in the automotive market has in turn led to concerns over the environmental impact of vehicles and associated oil products. Against such a background the paper reviews the environmentally-driven changes that have taken place over the years to a wide variety of oil products. These improvements include the removal of lead from gasoline, the development of low sulphur diesel fuel and changes in lubricant formulation to achieve improvements in fuel economy and oil consumption. Recent examples of inter-industry collaboration (the US and European auto-oil programmes) are highlighted as examples of how best to combat evolving environmental concerns. The paper concludes with a suggestion for the best way to tackle future environmental issues related to the impact of the automotive industry. Namely a process that first defines the extent of the problem, then considers the available solutions and finally selects the most cost effective answer for society. In this way the oil industry will continue to deliver environmentally adapted products, which are cost effective and tailored to the needs of individual countries or regions. 1. INTRODUCTION The theme of the continuing evolution of environmentally enhanced petroleum products is rather broad even for a review paper. Thus, to keep the subject manageable, attention is primarily focused on developments in the field of Automotive fuels & lubricants. The key driver in this field has been the increase in desire for mobility over the last 50 yr which has led to a dramatic growth in the number of vehicles throughout the world and a concomitant increase in demand for fuels and lubricants, illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. This growth in the automotive market has led to concerns over the environmental impact of vehicles and associated oil products which are being tackled by a number of routes, including the tightening of vehicle emissions legislation. Such legislative developments not only have a direct impact on vehicle technology but also have a significant influence on the development of fuels and lubricants. This is because it is important to not only minimize the direct impact of oil products on the environment but also to enable improvements in the * Former Head of Fuels & Lubricants R&D, Deutsche Shell. environmental performance of vehicle technology to be made. As environmental issues become ever more complex the oil industry has
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Automobiles & Trucks (1.00)
Abstract. The science base for global climate change involves natural science, technology, economics, and social science. Information is required to assess the extent, timing, and consequences of potential climate change, and to evaluate the feasibility, costs, effectiveness, and socio-economic impacts of response options. Since 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been the agreed focal point for international assessments. Conclusions of the latest (1995) IPCC assessment have been used to advocate legally binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries. However, emissions reduction proposals under consideration would be very costly near term and achieve little future environmental benefit, even if climate change proves to be serious. A persuasive scientific and economic case has been made that the long term nature of climate change, the current extent of uncertainty, and the high costs of available response options all justify a more flexible response. Near term this would emphasize research to understand better the implications of potential climate change and the costs and benefits of response options. It would also include phased implementation of economically justified steps to limit emissions, timed to the normal turnover of capital stock, coupled with research and development to lower the costs of future response options. 1. INTRODUCTION This paper considers scientific understanding of anthropogenic climate change in the context of international actions to address the issue*. The science base involves a wide array of disciplines in science, technology, economics and social science. Considerable information is required not only to assess the consequences of potential climate change but also to evaluate the effectiveness, costs and socio-economic consequences of options to limit the threat of climate change. Analysis and assessment of climate change must account for long time-scales and include both developed and developing country perspectives. This paper focuses on scientific understanding and its implications for near term policy issues. Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) enhance atmospheric absorption of infrared radiation (IR) with the potential to cause global warming and associated climate change. However, gaps in scientific knowledge fundamentally limit our ability to predict the size, timing and consequences, positive or negative, of future changes. The uncertainties are not the sort where science provides estimates * Except where noted, this review is based entirely on information available in the Policy Makers Summaries of the 1990,
- Europe (0.94)
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas (1.00)
Abstract. Monitoring of the water quality at OMV's water conditioning plant has shown poor injectivity in spite of low solids and little suspended oil (less than 10 and 5 mg/l, respectively). It was discovered that microbial activity is an essential factor not only in generating H, S and forming deposits in flow lines, but also in plugging injection wells. Additional water quality parameters have been defined (chemical/biological oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, on-site-injectivity) and a new treatment strategy is being tested. Instead of adding biocide, a reduction of the nutritional basis (sulfate, biodegradable compounds) is attempted by controlling the input streams and clearing the water by indigenous strains of bacteria. The upward trend of injection pressure in the field has been reversed and stable water with improved filtration and biological characteristics has been obtained in laboratory tests. However, water injectivity may vary largely following occasional disruptions of the treatment process, which makes a prediction of injector half-life hazardous. A pilot has been set up in the Matzen field to upscale and optimise the different process steps (flotation, aeration, sludge sedimentation/elimination, filtration). 1. INTRODUCTION Most of Austria's oil is produced from the Vienna basin out of sandstone reservoirs belonging to the Matzen field and located at depths between 1000 and 3000 m. Since production started in the late ~O'S, the average water cut has increased to more than 90%. This means that about lo7 m3 of brine have to be disposed of every year by a low cost and environmentally acceptable process. 2. STATUS The water streams from the separators are collected at the Schรถnkirchen central water processing unit. It consists of various open pools designed to perform the following tasks :Oil separation by gravity Flotation-assisted oil removal Sludge flocculation Desilting Filtration through a natural sand bed filter. This system has been in operation for 30 years with various minor alterations delivering fair quality water (25000 mg/l TDS, < 10 mg/l solids [IS p] <5 mg/l oil) to injection and disposal wells. However, some inadequacies are still causing trouble: - steady injection pressure rise slow increase in H, S contamination insufficient quality for special projects (EOR, injection in low-permeability reservoirs) These problems could only be overcome by acidising (less and less efficiently), permanently changing biocides and adding costly high-performance filtration steps. 3. REMEDIATION After the loss of a Dolvmer project due to bacterial contamination, the importance of microbiology for the water quality and stability became obvious. Upon standing, the brine quickly turns black and anaerobic. Instead of trying to overkill the mi
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock > Sandstone (0.55)
- Geology > Mineral (0.37)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (0.36)
Abstract. Nitrogen oxides as one of main pollutants of air are considered and a bubble-type fluidized bed adsorber is proposed for the recovery of these components from the flue gases of nitric acid plants. The hydrodynamic and mass transfer behavior of this type of adsorber is studied and a mathematical model based on two-phase theory of fluidization is presented. According to this theory, in a bed of solid particles, when the gas velocity is more than the minimum fluidization velocity, two different phases will appear in the bed: One is the dilute or bubble phases, the other is dense or emulsion phase. The adsorbent particles are considered to be porous. A computer program is written for solving the proposed model. The output of the program is the NO, concentration profile through the bed and as a result the efficiency of the bed for NO, recovery. The effects of different operating parameters such as inlet gas velocity, particles diameter, inlet concentration, etc. on the bed efficiency, are studied and so the optimum operating conditions for these types of bed are found. INTRODUCTION Before 1960 the problem of air pollution and the damages caused by different pollutants for human beings were not considered seriously and each years a considerable amount of toxic gases and particles were rejected into atmosphere. During the decade of 60 the problem of air pollution showed some of its undesirable effects and the industrial countries were forced to find some means for controlling the toxic gases rejecting from industrial and power plants. Among these toxic as, NO, due to their toxicity were considered seriously by different investigator~'-~. Francis et al.' in 1925 prepared the first report about NO, concentration measurement. Foster et al.' studied the recovery of NO, by Silica gel and compared the capacity of different Silica gel for NO, adsorption. The adsorption of NO, in flue gases of nitric acid plants on molecular sieve was studied by Joite et al.3. They showed that the molecular sieve of type linde 13 x was appropriate for this purpose. Arastoopour et aL4 considered the recovery of NO, by metal oxides in the presence of oxygen. Yeh et aL6 studied NO x SO process for elimination of NO, and SO, from flue gases. Karisson and Rosenberg' made some researches on catalytic oxidation of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide. Adsorption and equilibrium capacity of NO, on activated carbon particles have been studied by Do and Gray7. In order to improve the rate of adsorption of NO, on activated carbon, it is possible to fluidized the AC particles in a bed by increasing the inlet velocity of contaminated gas. In this study a bubbletype fluidized bed adsorber containing the porous AC particles and is to be used for NO, recovery from the f
- Asia (0.47)
- North America > Canada (0.18)
[RFP]2 Site Remediation Technology Advances
Gossen, R. G. (Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd., Calgary, Canada) | Hardisty, P. E. (Komex Clarke Bond Ltd., Bristol, UK) | Benoit, J. R. (AGRA Earth Sciences, Japan) | Dabbs, D. L. (Birch Mountain Resources Ltd., Calgary, Canada) | Dabrowski, T. L. (Komex International Ltd., Calgary, Canada)
Abstract. Technologies for the clean-up of soil and groundwater contamination from petroleum industry activities have advanced considerably over the past decade. This has been the result of increasing regulatory pressures in many parts of the world, mounting liability exposure, changing public perceptions, and the drive towards enhanced cost-effectiveness of remediation. This paper examines the state of remedial technologies used for petroleum industry applications in ex-situ and in-situ conditions, and includes case studies drawn from various locations around the world. Ex-situ technologies have evolved considerably from the simple excavationand-landfill approach still favoured in many places. On-site solutions, designed to destroy, encapsulate or immobilize contaminants are now increasingly favoured. These include methods such as pyrolysis, solvent extraction, oxidation/reduction, and bioremediation, designed to remediate the soil to acceptable standards. in-situ technologies have gained wide acceptance in the past several years as cost-effective alternatives to excavation-based (exsitu) methods. Application of in-situ methods involves alteration of sub-surface flow, pressure, chemical or biological regimes to achieve containment, redirection, removal or destruction of contaminants. Examples of specific in-situ technologies include soil vapour extraction, bioventing, biosparging, and the use of horizontal wells and semi-passive barrier systems. The decision to remediate a contaminated site and which technologies to apply, hinges on a sound understanding of the nature of the problem, the associated risks, and the economics of the proposed solution. The optimal remedial approach depends on achieving a balance among often competing societal factors, economic, social, environmental, cultural and political. INTRODUCTION There are two man-made features visible from space. One is the Great Wall of China. The other is the Syncrude Oil Sands tailing ponds in Alberta, Canada. These two human endeavours not only serve to demonstrate human presence on our planet, but also the societal context within which they are viewed. The Great Wall is a structure of considerable historical and cultural significance, worthy of preservation and restoration. The Oil Sands tailing ponds are the result of energy exploitation on a massive scale, which has provided significant benefits to Canadians. Nevertheless, the ponds present an environmental challenge, requiring some form of remediation. As the world moves into a new millennium, the need to protect our environment and natural resources grow ever more important
- North America > United States (1.00)
- North America > Canada > Alberta (0.35)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.67)
Abstract. A methodology for preparing an environmental inventory of sensitive marine natural resources will be described and the results presented in the Poster. This methodology is referred to as the Marine Resource Database. A method for Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) applied offshore will be presented and the relationship between the environmental inventory and the data used in the ERA will be described. Specific methods for quantifying environmental risks and identification of environmental efficient measures associated with offshore installations and marine transportation will also elaborated. Practical application will be demonstrated with case studies from the North Sea. Abstract. This paper presents laboratory and field experiments for soil recovery done in oil field areas to replace the old procedure of contaminated soil disposal. The field trials began on two sites in 1995 using established agrotechnical practices and amendments. The tests were extended to other two locations in 1996 where some new amendments were introduced. - Restoring of soil texture and permeability affected by clay dispersion induced by brine contamination. - Biodegradation of existing oil sorbed on organic matter and clay and as a free phase in pores. The first two field applications were started with the sampling program for chemical and pedological site evaluation. Samples were analysed for pH, conductivity, organic matter, total N, mobile P and K, dissolved and exchangeable ions and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The first stage of field work (1995) included: scarification, applications of Ca amendments (gypsum or calcium gluconate), organic and inorganic fertilisation, cross harrowing, seeding with sunflower or barley, second fertilisation and harrowing. The soil analysis program revealed moderate improvement of saline and TPH parameters on surface layer. On the second stage of field work (1996), the previous program was modified according to the soil analysis data. In 1996 we started the recovery program for other two sites- both contaminated with oil and brine. The analysis performed on soil samples were extended as follows: - Characterisation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) in order to evaluate the biodegradation process. We used two extraction procedures-Soxhlet and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)lp3. The Soxhlet extract was fractionated in four class products-saturate, aromatics, nitrogen-sulphur-oxygen (NSO) and asphaltenes as described in Ref. 4. The SF
- North America > United States (0.48)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea (0.25)
- Europe > Norway > North Sea (0.25)
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- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.37)