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Abstract. PETROBRAS, the Brazilian State-owned Company, facing great technological challenges on upstream operations (how to produce oil at water depth up to 2.000 m) as well as on downstream operation (how to process a heavy oil with high nitrogen level), developed the concept of technological system, embracing not only its Research Center but also suppliers, technology companies, services companies and universities, establishing partnership and strategic alliance to achieve the goals. A shared management system, with the creation of 2 strategic technological committees, one for upstream and other for downstream, facilitated the participation of general managers of operational departments in the definition of guidelines for research activities. Good integration with operational and research and engineering groups allowed the quick implementation of industrial testing of innovation. As a result, PETROBRAS is leader in offshore production in ultradeep waters as well as in some refining processes focused on heavy oil with high nitrogen content. Thanks to this shared management system, PETROBRAS is operational and technologically integrated, and this will be a definitive competitive advantage in the years to come. 1. OIL INDUSTRY IN BRASIL INTRODUCTION Brazilian oil products consumption is expected to grow 4% yearly next five years, This papers presents the technological from 1.8 million barrels per day in 2000 to 2.2 system built to help PETROBRAS face the million barrels per day in 2005. technological challenges in its operations. About 70% of crude oil processed in The papers is divided in 10 sections. The Brazil is produced locally, and the balance first section gives an brief overview of oil is imported, mainly from Argentine and industry in Brazil, the second section shows Saudi Arabia. the role of PETROBRAS in such market, the third describes the technological system built for the management of the multidisciplinary effort, the fourth details the shared management approaches adopted, the fifth summarizes upstream strategic directions. The sixth unveils the project portfolio for upstreams development. The seventh presents the results achieved so far in upstream technologies. The eighth section presents the downstream strategic directions for PETROBRAS The ninth section shows the portfolio of projects for downstream developments. The tenth, gives a summary of results Figure 1 – BRAZILIAN DEMAND OF achieved on downstream technologies. OIL PRODUCTS The last section concludes the article, As internal oil production is showing the importance of this shared increasing at higher pace than product management of development efforts for demands, if present level of investments in PETROBRAS. exploration and production is maintained, 185 T
- Government > Regional Government > South America Government > Brazil Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean > Campos Basin > Block P-36 > Roncador Field > Maastrichtian Formation (0.99)
- South America > Brazil > Campos Basin (0.99)
- South America > Brazil > Rio de Janeiro > South Atlantic Ocean > Campos Basin > Marlim Field > Macae Formation (0.89)
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Abstract. A new technology has been developed, which can be used for producing more B.T.X. from C4 and higher alkyl-aromatics containing mainly in cracking gasoline and catalytic reforming as well as by-products of disproportionating and isomerizing processes. A catalyst consisting of noble metal and zeolite ZSM-5 has been prepared, which achieves higher activity and stability as well as lower hydrogen consumption. It has been founded that the reaction temperature, reaction pressure, WHSV and H/HC can influence the reaction results, and the proper reaction conditions have been determined. The pilot plant test has been completed successfully with 36 ~ 50m% of B.T.X. based on one-pass yield. According to the results of the pilot plant test, reaction thermal effect has been measured and the elementary technology flow has been designed. It is expected to be commercialized in China in 2000. wash, and an increase of the recovery of the INTRODUCTION zeolite, especially for the large scale Heavy aromatics refer to C4 and higher production, compared with the technique alkyl-aromatics hereafter, which are present conventionally used in the art, which mainly in the cracking gasoline and catalytic comprises ion exchanging before extruding. reforming as well as by-products of disproportionation and isomeration processes. Na-ZSM-5 ?-or?-Al2O3 Generally speaking, these heavy aromatics have been used substaintially as fuels except that a very small part of them has been used as solvents. It is anticipated that in the near future Mixing, Kneading, Extruding, Calcinating the output of heavy aromatics will increase. Therefore how to utilize heavy aromatics comprehensively and effectively becomes an Carrier important task waiting to be solved. Many patents have disclosed a process for the catalytic hydrodealkylation of Ion exchanging alkylaromatic compounds to produce BTX Impregnating Calcinating under the reaction conditions of high temperature(more than 500?), high pressure (more than 3.0 MPa) and limited feedstock(below C4 aromatics). On the basis Catalyst of the prior art, a new technology has been developed, which can be used for producing more B.T.X. from heavy aromatics under more Fig1. Flow chart of catalyst preparation temperate reaction conditions. The effect of silica/alumina ratio of ZSM- CATALYST 5, crystal form of Al2O3 and metal content on the reaction performance of the catalyst has 1.1. Catalyst Preparation been investigated, and the optimum The catalyst provided in this technology composition has been determined. consists of zeolite ZSM-5 and ?- or?-Al2O3 as 1.2.Reaction Performance carrier, Re, Sn and Pt or Pd supported on the carrier. It can be founded that the reaction In the process for prepar
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
Flameless Fuels Combustion on Monolith Perovskite Catalysts
Sadykov, V. A. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Isupova, L. A. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Tikhov, S. F. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Alikina, G. M. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Snegurenko, O. I. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Bunina, R. V. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Zabolotnaya, G. V. (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5, pr. Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk, RUSSIA, 630090) | Tretyakov, V. F. (Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, RUSSIA, 117912) | Rozovskii, A. Ya (Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, RUSSIA, 117912) | Lunin, V. V. (Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Vorobyovy gory, Moscow, RUSSIA, 119899) | Ciambelli, P. (Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), ITALY, 84084)
Abstract. Perovskite-based catalysts appear to be promising for high-temperature combustion of hydrocarbons due to their reasonable stability in reaction conditions. This paper considers the factors determining performance of bulk and corundum supported monolithic perovskite catalysts in the reactions of methane catalytic combustion. Systems based upon lanthanum manganite were shown to be very efficient in the autothermal flameless combustion of such fuels as methane, propane-butane, alcohol, aromatics etc. with a low CO and NOx content in the flue gases. These systems demonstrate also a reasonably good thermal stability and thermal shock resistance, thus making them attractive as an alternative to traditional flame combustion, which is characterized by a great amount of toxic components in the exhausts. cobaltites of lanthanum and their solid INTRODUCTION solutions are usually considered as being among the most active compounds. It is worth The catalytic combustion of gas or mentioning that reliable data on the specific liquid fuels is one of the ways to reduce the catalytic activity of perovskites tested as formation of CO, NO monoliths are nearly absent [3]. x and to improve the energy saving. Recently, a considerable For any practical wide-scale attention has been attracted to perovskites as application, the price of catalyst has to be catalysts of various high temperature processes reasonably low. To meet this demand, simple, due to their high activity, thermal stability and wasteless and inexpensive method of poison resistance [1]. Within the current perovskites synthesis via the mechanochemical concept of the multiple bed design of activation of solid reagents appears to be combustion chambers (i. e. for gas turbine attractive [4]. To decrease expenses further, a application) [2], perovskites can be used in the mixture of commercially available lanthanides middle section to support combustion of the oxides containing mostly lanthanum and air+ fuel mixture ignited by more active cerium or Dy-Y could be used. For some supported Pd catalysts. For processes requiring perovskites, such substitution of lanthanum for a low pressure drop across the catalyst bed, cerium is known to increase the catalytic bulk or supported honeycomb monolithic activity. p
- Europe (0.94)
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- Materials > Chemicals > Specialty Chemicals (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
Abstract. Conversion of natural gas to liquids (GTL) utilizing Fischer-Tropsch (FT) hydrocarbon synthesis technology is an attractive option to bring static gas resources to market. Since 1981, over $400M has been invested in research and development of Advanced Gas Conversion for the 21st Century (AGC-21)1. This state-of -the-art GTL technology provides an important commercial option for utilization of stranded natural gas located around the world. Continuing research at ExxonMobil is leading to additional technology improvements that will further reduce the cost of producing liquids from natural gas. This article discusses advances in ExxonMobil's AGC-21 technology achieved over the years as a result of an ongoing, comprehensive research, development and engineering program. synthesis gas is fed to a proprietary, advanced INTRODUCTION Fischer-Tropsch Hydrocarbon Synthesis In the 1920's, Fischer and Tropsch (HCS) step, in which the H2 /CO synthesis gas discovered catalysts that promote the synthesis is converted to heavy hydrocarbons in the of liquid hydrocarbon and petrochemical presence of a high performance cobalt-based products from CO and H2.2 The technology catalyst, suspended in a novel slurry reactor. was first commercialized on a large scale by The full range, primarily linear paraffinic, the South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corp HCS product contains substantial levels of a (Sasol) in 1955, with the startup of a plant in 650oF+ boiling material which is solid at Sasolburg, in which the synthesis gas was ambient conditions and has a melting point produced by gasification of coal. The synthesis above 250oF. This material is converted to gas was fed to a circulating fluid bed reactor desired final products in a Hydroisomerization containing iron catalyst and reacted at high (HI) process that can be tailored to meet a temperature to produce olefinic chemical/ variety of product objectives. refinery plant feed for manufacture of chemicals, gasoline, and other fuel products. Over the last decade, there has been renewed interest in the production of synthetic fuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, using synthesis gas produced from remote natural gas. Emphasis is being placed on use of cobalt catalysts in fixed bed and slurry reactors to achieve high yields of paraffinic wax that can be readily converted to diesel, naphtha, lube basestocks and specialty products. This interest has been driven by technology advances that are reducing the cost · Protected by Over 400 Patents in the U.S., 1500+ of converting large reserves of natural gas, not Worldwide, on Catalysts, Processes and Products readily accessible by pipeline, into high quality liquid fuel products. A large number of Fig
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.70)
New diesel specifications, particularly those expected beyond 2005, will introduce limitations on a number of diesel properties, other than sulphur, like poly-aromatics or total aromatics content, cetane number/cetane index, back-end distillation temperatures and density. Possible implications are discussed on the basis of the European Union specifications for diesel for the year 2000, the World Wide Fuel Charter (both given in Table 1) and Germany's plans to offer tax incentives to phase in 10-ppm sulphur in diesel by the year 2003.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.81)
Abstract. RUHR OEL GmbH is operating a Hydrotreater for combined treatment of both light and heavy gasoils at its Gelsenkirchen Horst refinery (Germany). Most of the hydrotreater feedstock is cracked material. While the light gasoils are desulphurized in order to send it to the domestic heating oil pool, the heavy gasoils are pre-treated for catalytic cracking. With respect to new fuel specifications as result of the European Auto Oil Program, the requirements of mogas and diesel has to be taken into account. Referring to the overall refinery structure the complexity of the feedstock situation is shown as well as the various modes of operation due to the refinery target setting. Interactions of feedstock and product qualities as well as their influence on operability and planning are indicated. Extended pilot plant studies has been used to identify the major constraints of operation and to develop vectors in order to implement into the LP planning model. Single feedstock components as well as combined feedstock has been tested. Analysis follow the most important parameters. Yields, conversion rates and hydrogen consumption has been considered.
Abstract. The depth of oil refining in Russia amounts to 63-65 % while in developed countries in Europe and America it is as high as 85-95 %. This requires broad implementation of secondary destructive oil refining processes (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, thermal processes). At the same time it is necessary to solve the problems of being in compliance with the new strict environmental requirements for motor gasolines and diesel fuels. In the manufacture of motor gasolines the first and foremost task consists in phasing out lead and passing over to the production of predominatingly high-octane unleaded gasolines to substitute for A- 76 and A-80. In the manufacture of diesel fuels it is necessary to cease the production of high-sulphur fuel (sulphur -above 0.2 %) and to organize large-scale production of clean burning diesel fuel (sulphur -less than 0.05 wt. %). To deepen oil refining schemes based on separate processing of vacuum distillates and petroleum residues prove to be most promising. Deep conversion of vacuum distillates to motor fuels is achieved by means of catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. Thermal processing (visbreaking, delayed coking, thermocontact cracking) is expedient for residual feedstock processing.
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
Abstract. This paper begins by reviewing the Claus/ modified-Claus processes which have been the workhorse for sulphur recovery in gas processing plants and refineries. Then, the paper discusses the modifications and additions made to the process in order to improve the sulphur recovery from the 92- 98% range all the way to the 99.8+% range. Schematics for these improved processes are included in the paper. In closing, the development status is provided for two processes targeting the 99.5% recovery level at a much lower capital cost than current technology allows. by using other additions or adaptations to INTRODUCTION ensure sufficient temperature in the main This paper deals mainly with the burner to maintain a stable flame (such as the additions that have been made to what is addition of acid gas and air preheat and the use referred to as the modified-Claus process to of a split-flow line-up, where up to 60% of the increase sulphur recovery over the past years: acid gas feed is bypassed directly to the first Claus stage). · Subdewpoint processes The modified-Claus process (often · Selective oxidation processes called an Sulphur Recovery Unit or SRU) has · Tail gas clean-up processes been in use in the gas processing and refinery industries for over 50 years now. THE CLAUS PROCESS Between two and four Claus stages The Claus process involves the reaction of have been used, depending upon the sulphur oxygen with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to make recovery requirements or the downstream sulphur and water. The process was developed processing units (if any). in London by chemist Carl Freidrich Claus and Sulphur recoveries range from 90- patented in 1883. The process is very 95% for a two-stage unit to 96-98% for a fourexothermic in nature and is limited to the 5-6 stage unit. volume % H2S content range in the acid gas SUBDEWPOINT PROCESSES feed in order to keep the reactor outlet temperature to less than the 340 to 370 oC The subdewpoint processes increase (650 to 700 oF) range (the practical limit for recovery by operating one or more Claus carbon steel). converters at below the sulphur dewpoint in order to maximize sulphur recovery. The THE MODIFIED-CLAUS PROCESS sulphur will be absorbed into the catalyst in In 1938, I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. in this low temperature operation and necessitates Germany made an important modification the intermittent regeneration of each bed in (addition) that allowed for the handling of acid order to remove the sulphur, typically once per gases containing more than 6 volume % H2S. day per bed. The modification involved adding a thermal In subdewpoint mode, the acid gases stage ahead of the Claus reactor(s). This from the upstream sulphur condenser are sent thermal stage typically includes a main burner, directly to the s
- Materials > Chemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Health > Noise, chemicals, and other workplace hazards (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design (1.00)
Abstract: The Claus reaction is widely used to convert hydrogen sulfide stripped from acid gas or refinery offgas streams to elemental sulfur. The performance of Claus catalyst depends on its morphological characteristics which are influenced by diffusion of reactants and products. · A scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) permits the observation and characterization of materials on surfaces at a microscopic scale. · An electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to observe chemical deactivators on the catalyst by determining their oxidation state. · In this paper we will report the results of SEM and ESCA studies of the morphology and chemical analysis of the fresh and spent Claus catalysts before and after regeneration. The results indicated that the spent catalyst contained several distinct phases, indicating some contaminants. Also, the SEM micrographs showed coke lay-down on the surface which cause affect catalyst efficiency. · EDS X-ray analysis showed the presence of carbon, iron, and sulfur in alumina inanity. The elemental sulfur segregated towards the interior bulk, while carbon was found mostly near the surface. Iron deposition was also found near the surface of the spent catalyst. · ESCA analysis showed that coke is the major contaminant and some of the sulfur is present in the sulfate form in addition to elemental sulfur. · Examination of the regenerated catalyst showed removal of all contaminants by chemical treatment and nearly 90% by air-oxidation. · Results of this comprehensive study identified all contaminants in order to minimize catalyst deactivation. Removal of these sour components from natural gas Introduction streams are usually done in amine contractors/scrubbers The Claus reaction is widely used to convert and then are released in amine reclaimer towers. H The reclaimed H2S (up to 33%) and CO2 (up 2S from natural gas and refinery to elemental sulfur. It consists of a two-stage process, the first process is to 66%) are then fed to Claus catalyst reactors that thermal and the second process is catalytic. contain activated alumina, to recover elemental sulfur, a value-added product. However, deactivated of Claus Kinetics and mechanism of Claus reaction catalyst due to lay-down of coke and sulfur containing have been investigated by various investigators over species causes lowering of sulfur recovery and also many years. However, scanning electron microscopy pollutes the atmosphere by releasing excessive amounts (SEM) studies to determine changes in -alumina of sulfur dioxide (SO2) during acid gas flaring. catalysts before and after the reactions have not been The deactivation of Claus catalyst
- Materials > Chemicals > Specialty Chemicals (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.91)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Health > Noise, chemicals, and other workplace hazards (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation (1.00)
Abstract. After decades of intensive development and, more recently, successful operation of three commercial-scale plants, gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology is technically ready and economically viable for large-scale commercial application. At production capacities of 50,000 barrels per day, in locations with low gas and construction costs, and at long-term oil prices of $20 per barrel or higher, GTL offers an attractive option for the monetization of natural gas reserves. Given the large volume of gas held in undeveloped reserves worldwide, GTL deserves serious consideration from all the potential players: oil and gas companies, governments, process technology companies, engineering firms, auto makers, and the investment community. Since the high-profile announcements from its developers brought GTL to the forefront in 1997, GTL technology has already captured the interest of many companies. However, until now no ground was broken for new commercial plant construction. In this paper, we discuss how recent developments in technology and changes gas and product markets have affected the economic viability of GTL technology. We conclude that on balance the prospects for GTL are better now than two years ago demonstration plants, and commercial GTL project feasibility studies. Since 1998 about half a dozen additional players have entered BACKGROUND and re-entered the GTL field, including major oil companies and small technology development companies. After decades of intensive development and, more recently, technically successful operation of three commercial-scale plants, gas-to- Nevertheless, no ground has been broken liquids (GTL) technology received a flurry of yet for new commercial GTL projects. Shell attention in 1997 and 1998. This attention was has almost completed reconstruction of its the result of a series of high-profile Bintulu facility, which it plans to restart within announcements in which key developers the next month with a production capacity declared GTL technically ready and increased to twenty thousand barrels per day economically viable. Based on a detailed study (up from about twelve thousand). A variety of of GTL technologies economics, and product pilot plant and research and development markets we concluded that at production projects are also under way, such as the capacities of 50,000 barrels per day (50 MBD), Syntroleum / ARCO pilot plant at Cherry in locations with low gas and construction Point. However, despite the numerous costs, and at long-term oil prices of ﹩20 per announcements of commercial projects, none barrel or higher (Brent), GTL offers an have proceeded beyond the pre-feasibility or attractive option for the monetization of feasibility study stage. Even projects that were natural gas reserves. Given the large volume of slated to be under construction in 1999 or gas held in undeveloped reserves worldwide,
- Africa (0.68)
- Asia > Middle East (0.47)
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.68)