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Summary An ability to understand and control reservoir behavior over the course of production is necessary for optimization of reservoir performance and production strategies. This goal can be achieved by geophysical monitoring of the propagation of the fluids within the reservoir. Electromagnetic (EM) methods represent an important technique of geophysical monitoring of the reservoirs, because they can distinguish between hydrocarbons and saline water based on their differing resistivities. The induced polarization (IP) effect represents another important electrical characteristic of the reservoir saturated by different fluids - the complex resistivity (CR) of the reservoir rocks. This paper considers an application of nanoparticles for reservoir monitoring in order to enhance the electrical conductivity contrast and the IP responses associated with the oil-water interface within the reservoir. We have conducted the measurements of the CR of reservoir rocks in order to examine the effect of adding in water solutions the organic, PEDOT-PSS, and inorganic, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, NiO, and Al2O3, nanoparticles. The results of this study demonstrate that the application of the organic and inorganic nanoparticles may change significantly the resistivity of the reservoir rocks and produce a significant spectral IP effect. Introduction An ability to predict and to control the position and movement of oil-water interface is very important for monitoring the production from the hydrocarbon (HC) reservoirs. The idea of utilizing nanoparticles for monitoring and even for facilitating of the oil production has been developed in a number of publications (e.g., Rahmani et al, 2013, Heagy and Oldenburg, 2013; Hubbard et al., 2014). Several types of nanoparticles were explored in view of possible HC application. For example, magnetic nanoparticles were used by Lesin et al. (2011) to study their effect on the viscosity of liquid suspensions with fractal aggregates in petroleum colloidal structures. The paramagnetic nanoparticles were tested as aqueous dispersions in reservoir rock for enhanced oil recovery and evaluating oil saturation (e.g., Yu et al., 2010, Armani et al., 2013). These studies attempted to utilize the concept of enhancing MRI imaging with the use of paramagnetic nanoparticles for accurate determination of oil saturation and the oil-water interface.
Summary The towed streamer EM system makes it possible to collect EM data with a high production rate and over very large survey areas. At the same time, 3D inversion of towed streamer EM data remains a very challenging problem because of the huge number of transmitter positions of the moving towed streamer EM system, and, correspondingly, the huge number of forward and inverse problems needed to be solved for every transmitter position over the large areas of the survey. We overcome this problem by exploiting the fact that a towed streamer EM system's sensitivity domain is significantly smaller than the area of the towed streamer EM survey. We have introduced the concept of a moving sensitivity domain, originally developed for airborne EM surveys, for interpretation of marine EM survey data as well, which makes it possible to invert the entire towed streamer EM surveys with no approximations into high-resolution 3D geoelectrical seabottom models. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the anisotropic 3D inversion results, we have developed 3D inversion method, which takes into account: 1) the variable background, 2) an a priori model constructed by anisotropic 1D inversion results, seismic data, and well-log data, and 3) bathymetry. We have applied our this method to the anisotropic 3D inversion of towed streamer EM data from the Mariner field in the North Sea. The results show that our method can recover a more reliable and reasonable 3D geoelectrical model, and the technology has proven to be fast and efficient for large amounts of towed streamer EM data in a complex geological setting. Introduction Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) methods are widely used for off-shore hydrocarbon (HC) exploration. It has been demonstrated in a number of publications that the adequate interpretation of MCSEM data requires taking into account the electrical anisotropy of the sea-bottom formations. In this paper, we demonstrate that our enhanced technology for the anisotropic 3D inversion makes it possible to produce clear images of subsurface geoelectrical structure from the EM data collected by towed streamer EM system, which is capable of simultaneous seismic and EM data acquisition. The current generation of the towed streamer EM system consists of an electric bipole transmitter towed at a depth of 10 m below the sea surface, and up to a 9-km-long streamer of the electric field receivers towed at a depth of approximately 100 m.
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea (0.69)
- North America > United States > Mississippi > Hancock County (0.50)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea > East Shetland Basin > Block 9/11b > Mariner Field > Maureen Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea > East Shetland Basin > Block 9/11b > Mariner Field > Heimdal Formation (0.99)
- Europe > United Kingdom > North Sea > Northern North Sea > East Shetland Basin > Block 9/11a > Mariner Field > Maureen Formation (0.99)
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