3rd World Petroleum Congress

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF MULTIPHASE FLOW IN IDEALIZED CAPILLARY SYSTEMS BY C. T. YUSTER" Synopsis An analysis has been made of relative permea- bility in simple capillary systems and it was found that the relative permeability to oil is not a single valued function of the saturation but is also de- pendent upon the viscosity ratio. It was also indicated that the relative permeability to the oil phase may be greater than one. Résumé On fait une analyse de la perméabilité relative dans des systèmes capillaires simples, d'où il ressort que la perméabilité relative pour l'huile n'est pas une fonction de la seule saturation, mais dépend aussi du rapport des viscosités. I1 est montré également que la perméabilité relative pour la phase huile peut être supérieure à l'unité. Introduction The relative permeability of a porous medium to a given phase in multiphase flow is usually con- sidered to be dependent only upon the saturation and generally independent of the properties of the fluids involved. This concept is apparently supported by considerable experimental evidence as, for example, the work of Leverett (I) ** on high permeability (3.2 to 6.8 darcies) unconsolidated sands in which the viscosity was varied over a wide range (po/pw= 90.0 to 0.057) with practically no effect on the relative permeability saturation relationship. Recently, evidence has been accumulating from work per- formed by several laboratories (Petroleum Tech- nologists, Inc., the Union Oil Company of California and others) which would cast some doubt on the validity of the foregoing generalization. It has been * Department of Engineering, University of California, ** Reference given at end of paper, Los Angeles, Ca. found that in some cases the relative permeability to oil with both water and oil in the core has been greater than one if the single phase permeability used in the calculations is that of water. While this may be somewhat disconcerting at first glance, further consideration of the phenomenon indicates that the results may be valid and not due to experimental errors. One explanation which has been advanced to ex- plain the behavior has been that it is due to the variable extent of hydration of the clay minerals present in the sand controlled by the saturation. The greater the water saturation, the greater will be the area of contact between water and clay minerals, and therefore, the greater the extent of swelling, with a corresponding reduction in permeability. While this would be possible if dual wettability were possible, it is difficult to conceive such restricted hydration of clays with the aqueous phase only at a distance of the order of the capillary size from some unhydrated clay. Another explanation is the migration of clay particles which were dislodged as a result of hydration which would give a lower standard for calculating relative permeability. However, this would not be a reversible phenomenon an

o HIGH -PRESSURE HYDROGENATION AS APPLIED IN THE PROCESSING OF CRUDE OILS IN GERMANY BY R. BECKER* Synopsis In accordance with the principles laid down in the Marshall Plan, the German mineral oil industry aims at meeting Germany's requirements by rnanufactu- ring finished products from crude oil in German plants. Implementation of the Oil Plan in Germany called for additions to refinery facilities. The existing cracking capacities being at a very low rate, the first thing to do was to reactivate those hydrogenation plants which had escaped serious war damage. After rehabilitation of the Gelsenberg and Wesseling hydrogenation plants and their conversion from coal to oil processing both plants started pro- duction early in 1949. The share of hydrogenation plants including topping and hydrogenation stage in West-Germany's total motor fuel production in August 1950 amounted to 48.6 "/c gasoline and 26.6 % Diesel fuel. For the conversion from coal to oil operations only minor changes were necessary with respect to the hydrogenation proper. The most important unit which is of a highly complicated structure is the 700 at. liquid phase stall. Taking operation of this stall as a basis for comparing the characteristic data (throughput rates, performance, hydrogen con- sumption, distillation capacity and residue processing) of the oil and the coal processing respectively, it has been found that the capacity of the equipment for oil processing is 2 times its capacity for coal processing. At present, Middle East crudes and German crudes from the Emsland and Hanover districts are being processed. Analytical data on the distillation residues obtained from these crudes show only minor differ- ences in properties which are of importance in the hydrogenation process. These crudes are paraf finic and all of them show a relatively high sulfur content * Deutsche Vacuum 'Oe1 Aktiengesellschaft, Hamburg. which, however, far from being disadvantageous to hydrogenation, has a rather favorable effect. The difference in properties of the overhead products and the residues are discussed at some length and due consideration is given to their in- fluence upon the quality of finished products. The present method of operation is explained on the basis of a flowsheet. The yields obtained from hydrogenation of distillation residues boiling above 360° C amount to 81 % gasoline (having an end point of 195O C and a Reid vapor pressure of 0.72 kgIcm2) and 8 % of liquid gas. A total yield of 95.1 "/o motor fuels, including the products from crude distillation, is obtained from Aramco crude (60.5 '/o gasoline, 31.4 % Diesel fuel and 3.2 % liquid gas). At a pressure of 550 at. in the liquid phase a space performance of 0.5 kgjlitrelhour is obtained for gasoline and middle oil. If a lower space performance is accepted hydrogenation can also be effected at reduced pressure. The heat released by splitting Hz- rich residues is only a quarter of that relea

THE APPLICATION OF SURFACE OBSERVATIONS TO THE STUDY OF UNDERGROUND CONDITIONS IN OIL RESERVOIRS BY W. J. BAKER* Synopsis The ease, speed and accuracy with which surface measurements of pressure can be made are of great practical advantage provided that the relationship be- tween surface and bottom hole pressures is properly understood. Methods of calculating bottom hole pres- sures from surface pressures are discussed in detail in the case of an oil well under both closed-in and flowing conditions, and the determination of the necessary physical characteristics of the oil is de- scribed. The problem of the closed-in gas well is also considered. Finally the value of special observation wells is emphasised, and the relationship between changes of surface and bottom hole pressures is dis- cussed. Résumé La facilité, la rapidité et l'exactitude avec les- quelles il est possible d'effectuer les mesures de pression à la surface sont d'un grand avantage prati- que, pourvu que la relation entre les pressions de surface et de fond puisse être convenablement inter- prétée. Les méthodes de calcul des pressions de fond à partir des pressions de surface sont discutées en détail dans le cas d'un puits de pétrole aussi bien fermé qu'en production naturelle et la détermination des caractéristiques physiques de l'huile qui sont nécessaires est décrite. Le problème d'un puits à gaz fermé est également envisagé. Enfin, l'utilité de puits spéciaux pour l'observation est soulignée et la relation entre les changements de pression 5 la surface et au fond est discutée. Introduction Surface pressures were of course the only in- dication of reservoir pressures that could be obtained up to the time that a satisfactory bottom hole gauge was developed. In order to compare the pressures in * Chief Petroleum Engineer in Iran, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Ltd., London, U.K. different wells it was usual to reduce these pressures to a common datum level in the reservoir by assuming a value for the density of the well fluid and hence the pressure exerted by it. This method was used in the early days in Iran and proved reasonably satis- factory in the shallow Masjid-i-Sulaiman field. With the proving of deeper high pressure fields it soon be- came apparent that a more accurate evaluation of the pressure exerted by the fluid column was essential if surface measurements were to be of any use in such fields. It was considered most desirable that this problem should be solved in view of the very great practical advantages to be gained by measuring sur- face rather than bottom hole pressures. The most obvious of these advantages lies in the fact that a surface measurement can be made with great accuracy and complete safety in a few minutes whereas the running and calibration of a bottom hole gauge is a full day's work and moreover involves the small but definite hazard of losing the instrument and wire line in the well

PETROLEUM FUELS IN JET AND ROCKET PROPULSION BY J. M. CARTER* Synopsis In the rapidly expanding field of jet and rocket propulsion, there is frequent speculation on the use of new and exotic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, or molten metals. For the great majority of applications, petroleum products will continue to be used as fuel. This is true because no other materials are available in sufficient quantity, and because of considerations of cost, ease of handling, etc. The statement is often made that one of the distinctions of jet and rocket engines is that they will burn "anything". It is true that many of the usual requirements for internal combustion fuels are not present. However, there are a large number of new requirements in fuels, both in physical prop- erties and in combustion characteristics. Many of the requirements for combustion are as yet imperfectly understood because the field is as yet quite new, and because the conditions of combustion usually depart widely from those encountered previously in boilers or in internal combustion engines. Some of the problems encountered in jet and rocket engines are outlined, particularly in the re- quirements for speed of combustion and for heat transfer. It, is shown that marked improvement in performance is possible by the solution of these problems. Résumé Dans le domaine rapidement croissant de la pro- pulsion par réaction, il est souvent question de l'ern- ploi de combustibles nouveaux et variés, tels que l'hydrogène liquide ou des métaux fondus. Dans la majorité des cas, les produits de pétrole continueront à lui servir de combustible, à bas prix, facile à mani- puler, alors que les autres matières existent en quan- tités insuffisantes. On entend dire souvent qu'un moteur à réaction peut brûler ,,n'importe quoi". Or, ici, les conditions * Aerojet Engineering Corporation, Azuca, Cal., U.S.A. d'emploi des combustibles pour moteurs à combustion interne ne sont plus les mêmes. On exige même, pour les combustibles à réaction, nombre d'autres qualités, tant physiques que de combustion. Les facteurs de combustion sont, dans ce nouveau domaine encore mal connus ; le terrain reste encore inexploré, le mode de combustion étant en général très différent de celui qui se produit dans les chaudières ou les moteurs à combustion interne. Quelques problèmes, rencontrés dans l'étude des moteurs à réaction, relatifs surtout à la combustion et au transfert de chaleur sont exposés ici. La solution de ces problèmes peut contribuer à une nette amélioration du rendement. Fuel Requirements in Jet and Rocket Propulsion One of the most striking features of jet and rocket propulsion is the extraordinary amount of fuel re- quired. There are two reasons for this. The first is that the new propulsion devices are commonly used at such speeds that propellers are no longer efficient. Higher speeds mean higher drag, especially as sonic velocity is approached or exceeded, so tha

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SODA BASE GREASES BY A. BONDI *, J. P. CARUSO *, H. M. FRASER *, J. D. SMITH *, S. T. ABRAMS **, A. M. CRAVATH**, R. J. MOORE**, W. H. PETERSON**, A. E. SMITH**, F. H. STROSS**, E. R. WHITE**, AND J. N. WILSON** . Synopsis A summary of data pertinent to the understanding of anhydrous soda base grease is presented, and a few applications of these data are outlined. The lubricants under consideration have been found to owe their consistency to the presence of the soap in the shape of very thin fibres which are long enough to form a firm tangle or irregular latticework, in the interstices of which the oil is immobilized by capillary forces. The mechanical behavior of the grease could largely be associated with the geometry, i.e., the lengthldiameter ratio and the absolute di- mension of the soap fibre; the shear stability of a grease could thus be connected with the ability of the soap fibres to withstand continued shear stress and to shred into fragments of sufficient length1 diameter ratio to maintain a finite consistency. The flocculation *** and cementing of the soap fibres at the contact points provide an additional source of strength for the fibre tangle ; similarly, the viscosity of the oil Substrate affects the grease consistency in definite, if secondary, manner. The kinetics of fibre growth have been explored and many of the intricacies of the crystal habits of pure soaps and soap mixtures in pure, mixed, and technical hydrocarbons have been observed with the aid of the electron microscope. Exploratory in- vestigation of the internal structure of the soap fibres by means of X-ray diffraction suggests molecular arrangements which are in good agreement with the observed relation between chemical composition and the mechanical properties of soda soap fibres. The mechanical behavior of greases at elevated temperatures could be associated with the phase transitions which the soda soaps undergo as the * International Lubricant Corp., Neu- Orleans, La., U.S.A. ** Shell Development Co., Emeryville, California, U.S.A. *** By flocculation is meant the physical attraction of soap fiberc at the contact point. temperature is raised. The relation between soap composition and thermal transition spectra has been illustrated by a few typical examples. It has also been shown that the phase map of the soap-oil system and the degree of swelling of soaps in a given oil are determined in a simple manner by the transition spectrum of the pure soap. While far from complete, the present studies in- dicate that the properties of lubricating grease fall within the scope of and can be explained by the known phenomena and laws of physics and physical chemistry. The processes leading to the formation of the most desirable soap fibre and grease are much too complicated in detail to be entirely predictable from first principles. The primary contribution of basic data must, therefore, be seen in their ability to provide a working

UNE NOUVELLE METHODE DE COUPE INTERIEURE DES TIGES DE FORAGE PAR Y. BARBIER* A NEW INTERNAT. PIPE CTJTTING TOOL A-Critique des méthodes actuelles de coupe Les coupes tiges mécaniques internes utilisés nor- malement comprennent deux parties essentielles : I. Un dispositif d'appui sur la paroi des tiges dont les coins sont éclipsés en cours de descente puis déverouillés et mis en place au niveau de coupe, 2. Un dispositif de coupe comprenant les cou- teaux solidaires du train de coupe par le porte cou-. teaux et la tête du coupe tiges. L'avance des couteaux se fait du haut vers le bas on donnant une compression progressive au train de coupe par action Cur le frein du treuil comme pour le forage. Dans cette descente, les couteaux glissent sur des rampes qui sont solidaires du corps du coupe tiges et provoquent l'expansion voulue pour réaliser la coupe. L`expérience montre que très souvent dans les tiges I.F. et malgré les précautions prises, le déverouil- lage des coins entraîne une sortie prématurée des couteaux, avec risque de rupture des couteaux. Si cette rupture ne se produit pas, les couteaux ont tendance à prendre appui sur la paroi de la tige, avant que les coins ne soient en place. Dès la mise en rotation du train de coupe, les couteaux amor- cent une rainure dans la paroi de la tige et s'appuient ensuite sur cette rainure. La descente du train de s'onde se traduit par un appui croissant des cou- teaux sur cette rainure, et la coupe transversale escomptée se transforme en un fraisage longitudinal de la paroi de la tige. Les couteaux s'usent rapidement et rendent la coupe de la tige impossible. De plus, aux grosses profondeurs et spécialement dans les forages présentant des inclinaisons impor- tantes, ou des variations d`inclinaisons brusques, les frottements `du train de coupe pendant la rotation amènent des variations de torsion de ce train qui créent des pulsations au niveau du coupe tiges (Ce phénomène peut être éliminé en partie par l'usage d'une coulisse simple). * Ingénieur de la Société Nationale de Pétroles d'Aqui- taine, Pau, France. Par ailleurs, l'avance est donnée au moyen du treuil de forage, donc de façon peu précise. Ces dif- férents éléments rendent pratiquement impossible un avancement précis et progressif des couteaux. B-Principe de la nouvelle méthode de coupe L'originalité de la solution qui fait l'objet de cet exposé consiste dans la création d'un outil (fig. I) Coupe-tige hydraulique B. 3 Event de communi( Centreur inférieur :ai Fig. I. Photo montrant les dimensions de l'appareil. offrant une indépendance complète des deux pha- ses de la coupe. appui du coupe tiges, avance des couteaux. L`appui est assuré par un dispositif mécanique simple et sûr. L`avance des couteaux est hydrau- lique. :ion TROIS CONTRIBUTIONS FRANÇAISES A LA TECHNIQUE DU FORAGE 31 I. Appui du coupe tiges L`appui est con

SOME ASPECTS OF CASCADE AND MULTI-ELEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS BY J. C. FARQUHAR* Synopsis Automatic control may be achieved by one con- troller acting unaided, or by several independent controllers on one plant. In certain circumstances better results can be obtained by employing inter- connected controls either in cascade or in compound control systems. The commonest use of cascade control is to trans- late the output control air pressure of an important controller more accurately and steadily than can be achieved by a control valve into a required flow. When the lags in the slave system are small in com- parison with those in the main loop the control action adjustments of the slave controller have no effect on the overall stability of the system, but the scale and maximum scale reading of the slave have a direct effect. Compound control systems are used to establish relationships between physical quantities or condi- tions which (for maintenance of steady controlled condition) should bear relationships to .each other. Final overriding or trimming control in this case adjusts the controlled condition to the desired value by modifying these relationships. In applying com- pound control, it is important to equalise the lags in the path of the preliminary correction with the lags in the path of the disturbance. Résumé La régulation automatique peut être réalisée par un régulateur fonctionnant seul ou par plusieurs dis- positifs indépendants dans une même installation. Dans certaines circonstances, cependant, on peut obtenir de meilleurs résultats par l'emploi de régula- teurs interconnectés soit en cascade, soit en système composé. L`usage le plus courant de la régulation en cascade est de servir à transmettre la pression d'air d'un régulateur commandant une vanne importante avec plus de précision et de stabilité que ne peut le faire une vanne automatique. Quand le réglage est ajusté * Messrs George Kent Ltd, London. pour la régulation optimum, l'ajustement du facteur de régulation du régulateur commandé n'exerce aucun effet sur la stabilité d'ensemble du système, mais sa zone d'action et l'extension de celle-ci ont, elles, un effet direct. Les systèmes de régulation composée sont utilisés pour établir une relation entre des quantités ou gran- deurs physiques qui (pour une opération stable) doi- vent être liées entre elles, une régulation finale, défi- nitive ou de mise au point, ajustant dans ce cas la grandeur réglée à la valeur désirée en modifiant cette relation. Dans l'application de la régulation composée il est important d'égaliser le retard à la correction préliminaire avec 1~ temps de propagation de la per- turbation. Introduction Automatic control has evolved. through the fol- lowing stages : I)-The use of a single controller on a plant to hold the controlled condition (I) * as near as possible to the desired value, and to take care of the disturbing effect on the controlled con

DISTRIBUTION OF OIL FIELDS IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE UNITED STATES BY GRAHAM B. MOODY" S y" o p s i s The western part of '%he .United States, for the purpose of this paper, is assumed to include the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and California. More than 320 expIoratory wells have been drilled in Washington and Oregon without finding commercial oil production; there is little exploratory drilling in those states now. Sporadic drilling in Idaho, Nevada and Arizona during past years has failed to find oil. There is considerable exploratory activity currently in Idaho and Nevada. A small amount of commercial oil has been developed in Utah; exploratory drilling is con- tinuing there. California has about 197 producing oil fields and has produced to January 1, 1951 ap- proximately 8,641,000,000 barrels of crude oil. The important oil fields in California are located in the San Joaquin Valley, the Los An eles Basin, the (Cuyama and Salinas Valleys). Despite the large number of fields already discovered in California, exploration and drilling continue at a high rate. Coastal Region, and the Centra !f Coast Ranges pétrole. Dans l'Idaho et le Nevada une considérable activité d'exploration se déploie en ce moment. Dans l'Utah on a repéré du pétrole en quantités commerciales assez faibles et on y poursuit encore les forages d'exploration. La Californie compte à peu près 197 champs de pétrole en production et a produit approximativement, jusqu'au ler janvier 1951, 8.641.000.000 de barils de pétrole brut. Les champs pétrolifères importants de la Californie se trouvent dans la vallée de San Joaquin, dans le bassin be Los Angeles, dans la zone côtière et dans les districts côtiers centraux (les vallées de Cuyama et de Salinas). Malgré le grand nombre de terrains déjà découverts en Californie, les travaux d'explo- ration et de forage s'y poursuivent à un rythme ac- céléré. Introduction Résumé Pour le besoin de la présente communication, la partie occidentale des Etats-Unis est censée englo- ber les états de Washington, Orégon, Idaho, Neva- da, Utah, Arizona et Californie. Dans les états de Washington et d'Orégon on a fait plus, de 320 son- dages d'exploration sans trouver de production en quantités commerciales; actuellement, les forages d'exploration sont rares dans ces états. Des sondages épars dans les états d'Idaho, de Nevada et d'Arizona au cÒurs de ces dernières années n'ont pas trouvé de * Standard Oil Company, San Francisco, California. produuctive areas, and wells mentioned in the text. ' The territory covered by this paper is shown on the index map, Fig. 1, and includes the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California. Idaho and Utah are considered often as part of the Rocky Mountain region but are in- cluded for consideration here because parts of both states lie

RECEPTION BY THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF THE HAGUE THE HAGUE, ~OTH MAY, 1951 RECEPTION PAR LA MUNICIPALITE DE LA HAYE LA HAYE, 30 MAI 1951 Address of welcome delivered by Mr. Discours de bienvenue prononcé par Monsieur F. M. A. SCHOKKING Burgomaster of The Hague Bourgmestre de La Haye Address presented to the Burgomaster of The Hague, on behalf of the Congress members, by Mr. Discours adressé au Bourgmestre de La Haye, au nom des congressistes, par Níonsieur R. NAVARRE Chairman of the French National Committee Président du Comité National Français DISCOURS DE BIENVENUE PRONONCE PAR MONSIEUR F. M. A. SCHOKKING ADDRESS OF WELCOME DELIVERED BY MR. F. M. A. SCHOKKING Excellences, Mesdames, Messiews, La proposition faite en 1949 au sein du Conseil Permanent de tenir le Troisième Congrès Mondial du Pétrole aux Pays-Bas, et tant acclamée par les représentants Kéerlandais, a abouti - comme nous voyons - à la visite de vous tous à La Haye, ce dont nous sommes vraiment très heureux. Lors des premières exploitations pétrolières, il y a plus de quatre-vingt-dix ans, les Hollandais ont, grâce à leur esprit d'entreprise et à leur tradition internationale, bientôt compris quelles immenses pos- sibilités offrait l'industrie pétrolière dans presque tous les domaines de la vie économique et industrielle mondiale. Le fait que le siège d'une des plus grandes entre- prises pétrolières se trouve à La Haye, est la preuve d'une grande sagesse de nos aïeux. Nous sommes re- connaissants que cette sagesse et la persévérance de ceux qui ont continué le travail, ont procuré aux Pays-Bas une place importante dans le monde inter- national du pétrole. It is not by chance that the typically international activity of the oil industry, as far as the Netherlands is concerned, has its centre in The Hague. My city, as the Royal Residence, the seat of the Corps Diplo- matique, of the Government and of the International Court of Justice, and the home of the Royal Dutch, the Billiton Company and K.L.M.-Royal Dutch Air- lines, has always had a pre-eminently international character. It is most gratifying for the Municipality of The Hague that you have underlined this once more by your presence here. A considerable part of the accommodation of the town has been destroyed by acts of war. 10,000 dwel- lings, 1,200 industrial and office buildings as well as 55 per cent. of the hotel capacity were reduced to ruins. But little of all this remains for you to see now, At present we are reconstructing; as fast and as well as Holland's precarious economic situation permits. Our guiding principle is to achieve once more what, fortunately, is more and more being considered as a common duty: to promote international ex- changes of views on the present and future interests of humanity. A free international exchange of ideas on the problems of the production, manufacturing and ap- plication of oil completely belongs within the frame- work of these contacts

CONTOURS IN METERS I Fig. 9. Isopachous map of the Miocene in Isthmus and Tabasco (modified after H. Contreras). THE TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE FAR EAST AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ORIGIN AND ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM BY GODFREY F. KAUFMANN * b i Looking South from Gobi desert toward Nan Shan overthrust and Piedmont outwash on North side of Tibetan plateau. Laochunmiao oil field on northward overturned anticline can be seen in foreground. (Aerial photograph by the author.) 88 PROCEEDINGS THIRD WORLD PETROLEUM CONGRESS-SECTION I sins intérieurs la possibilité qu'ils contiennent du pétrole ou du gaz est la plus faible. On donne des exemples de bassins de chaque type. Si l'on reconnait de bonne heure les types géosyn- clinaux moyennant des études de caractère régional, on aboutira à une classification de la plupart des bassins sédimentaires et à une évaluation prélimi- naire des perspectives de production du pétrole, et on simplifiera sensiblement les programmes d'ex- ploration future qu'il faut pour corroborer les clas- sifications et les perspectives établies à titre provi- soire pour des régions de dépôts sédimentaires. Introduction Petroleum geology has advanced through many stages of development during the last forty. years from seepage-seeking through the anticlinal, salt dome and faultzone eras, to the stratigraphic trap, sedimentary facies and reef phases. Any serious work within the last three catagories inevitably leads to studies in basin formation and sedimenta- tion. With oil companies rapidly becoming more con- scious of the need and value of broader basin stud- ies, many have established geological research groups whose function is to correlate all pertinent data from various sources into a coherent picture of the regional stratigraphy and tectonics of potential oil-producing areas throughout the world. Such research groups use data from many sources. Library facilities are essential, but of greater impor- tance are the observations by their own specialists in field geology, photogeology, stratigraphy, sedi- mentary petrology, mineralogy and geophysics. Structural data are compiled from surface and sub- surface surveys, which may be controlled in geolog- ically blind areas by geophysical surveys. From such structural data, together with stratigraphic in- formation from the field geoIogists, paleontologists and petrographers, it is usually possible to define the geotectonics that have controlled the position and character of sediments and thus to predict more accurately the favorable and unfavorable areas for the origin and accumdation of oil. With this explanation of the petroleum geologists' invasion of the academic geologists' s ecial preserve in the field of dynamic geology, it is ];ioped that the following sketch of the tectonic framework of the Far East, its possible origin, and the sedimentary basins which are draped upon it, will prove inter- esting to both petroleum geologists and