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In 1950 there were an estimated 10,000 people engaged in research and development in the petroleum industry in the United States. The expenditures on research and development have been stated to be in excess of $ IOO,~~~,~OO. For comparison let us go back to 1925. By that time the petroleum industry had gotten a start in research and development but the effort was then small. The personnel involved were then probably about three hundred and the expenditures about $ 1,500,000. These figures show that in the twenty-five year period from I925 to 1950 there has been a tremendous growth in the research and development work that has been carried out along petroleum lines in the United States. A corresponding growth has occurred in other parts of the world, particularly in Europe, although the bulk of the effort is still in the United States. The question naturally arises as to why the petroleum industry has made such a large expansion in research and development work, and the answer to this is that it has found research and development work to be very prof itable. I should like to outline some of the benefits that the petroleum industry has received from its research and development effort, and I start this outline with 3 discussion of advances in crude oil exploration. The major research effort on crude oil exploration has been in the improvement of geophysical methods of determining underground structures where oil may accumulate, and in an investigation of the best methods of extracting oil from crude oil reservoirs. In addition there has been a certain amount of research carried out on improved drilling methods and along basic geological lines. The largest effort on geophysical mebhods has been on the seismic method of determining underground structure. This is the most important geophysical method of exploring for oil and gives the most detailed information on underground structure. Seismic surveying, in general, involves setting off an explo- * President, Standard Oil Development Company, New York, U.S.A. cion and measuring the times required for various earth waves set up by the explosion to reach suitably located detection devices. Refraction seismic surveying was being practised in 1925, but since that time the reflection method has come into use and there has been a great improvement in the accuracy and reliability of the instruments used and in the method itself. Tihe instruments have been made considerably more rugged and more easily transportable. Through improvements in the seismic method itself it has been possilble to make surveys of many areas that could not be worked previously. Considerable advances are still being made in seismic surveying, and the areas in which it can be used are being steadily extended. The method has been modified for use in under-water areas. Measurements of small variations in gravity and magnetic fields, in additi
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- North America > United States > Texas > East Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Spindletop Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Oklahoma > West Edmond Field (0.99)
Synopsis A brief résumé of the types of petroleum oil used in the manufacture of power cables. A description of the various types of cables in which oil is used, and the different requirements for each. A summary of the literature dealing with cable oils. Emphasis on the more important methods of testing. Methods of application in cablemakers' plant and some attempt to relate behaviour and life of cables to characteristics of the oils used. Résumé On donne un aperçu des types d'huiles de pétrole employées dans la fabrication des câbles de transport d'énergie et on décrit les différents types de câbles OU s'emploie l'huile, ainsi que les exigences imnosées pour chaque type. Un sommaire de la bibliographie relative aux huilcs de câble est ajouté, et les méthodes d'essai les plus importantes sont traitées en particulier. Enfin, on expose les méthodes d'application en usage dans la fabrication dm câbles et on essaie de dégager des relations entre le comportement et la durée des câbles, d'une part, et les caractéristiques des huiles utilisées, d'autre part. -~ The use of paper saturated with some form of petroleum product as a dielectric in power cables is about 60 years old, the first important cable of this type being laid by Ferranti in 1890 (I) **. Ferranti's cable was intended to operate at 17 kV (i.e. IO kV from conductor to earth) and had a long and satisfactory life. Today cables are made for operation up to 380 kV (2) and it is some indication of the progress which has been made that the dielectric of an II kV cable made in I930 is approximately the same thickness as the dielectric of a 66 kV cable made in 1950. All this progress has necessitated enormous technical development in the design of cables and in the saturants used. According to F. W. Main (3) * Dussek Bros. & Co., Crayford, Kent, U.K. $4 References given at end of paper. the cable research engineer is seeking for a dielectric which is: "homogeneous, inert, flexible, free from my reaction with copper; preferably non-hygroscopic, unaffected by ozone, voidless; to have low coefficient of expansion, low thermal resistance, reasonable dielectric resistance, low permittivity, low power factor with a flat temperature power-factor curve, very high dielectric strength, stability under high electric stress, high resistance to electric surges; and all characteristics must be unaffected by temperatures from - IO' C to + 100' C." It is amazing that oil impregnated paper is the nearest the cable engineer has reached to this ideal in the course of 60 vears of research and it is obvious it leaves the petroleum refiner with a more than sufficient field for development ! The greatest use for power cables is for transmiscion of three-phase A. C. energy. The three-phases can be carried by separate cables, in
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.88)
Synopsis The various lubrication requirements of the three main classes of internal combustion engine are discussed in turn, with particular reference to the development of the use of additives for improving pour point, viscosity index, detergency and corrosion and oxidation resistance. In both spark ignition and diesel engine lubrication the tendency towards the use of thinner oils is increasing. Fuel properties, and particularly sulphur content, have a great bearing on the lubricant requirements of the diesel engine and the problems of both the automotive and marine types of diesel engine are reviewed. For the aviation gas turbine it is essential to have lubricants of low pour point and viscosity in order to achieve ease of starting at low temperatures. Future developments in internal combustion engine lubrication are briefly discussed. Résumé Les diverses exigences posées par la lubrification des trois principales classes de moteurs à combustion interne sont discutées, chacune à son tour, en insistant particulièrement sur le développement de l'emploi des additifs de congélation, d'index de viscosité, de détergente, de résistance à la corrosion et à l'oxydation. A la fois pour la lubrification des moteurs Diesel et des moteurs à explosion, on note une tendance vers l'emploi d'huiles moins visqueuses. Les propriétés du carburant et, en particulier, la teneur en soufre ont une action considérable sur la lubrification du moteur Diesel et les problèmes concernant aussi bien les moteurs Diesel automobiles que les moteurs marins, sont passés en revue. Pour la turbine à gaz, dans l'Aviation, il est essentiel d'avoir des lubrifiants de bas point de congélation et de faible viscosité, afin de pouvoir partir à basse * Esso Development Co., Abingdon, Berkshire, England. ** Esso Petroleum Co., London, England. température et il apparaît que les huiles synthétiques d'origine non pétrolière sont susceptibles de donner la meilleure réponse à ce problème. On discute brièvement les futurs développements de la lubrification des moteurs à combustion interne. Introduction The story of lubricating oils is probably more closely connected with the internal combustion engine than with any other form of machinery. Without the stimulus of difficult engine lubrication problems, existing knowledge of lubricants would not have been achieved, and without the acquisition of such knowledge, development of the modern internal combustion engine would have been impossible. In the early days of the internal combustion engine almost the only important property of a lubricating oil was its ability to fulfil the primary duty of preventing seizure of the moving parts. Apart from the crudity of contemporary petroleum refining techniques it was therefore natural that many internal combustion en
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Europe > United Kingdom > England > Greater London > London (0.24)
- Europe > United Kingdom > England > Berkshire (0.24)
- Materials > Chemicals > Specialty Chemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- (2 more...)
data by means of f a substance against P reference substance been applied to many sign and operation of he use of petroleum c in graphical plots of permit ready extradata; moreover, the i with thermodynamic tency of the data may of the physical proporresponding thermot ternis. i are the basis of this ipply for such diverse as solubility, gas abmiposition constant, constant, density of Tases, surface tension, iêmes conditions des physique d'une subristique de même narice peut se faire par nombreuses courbes ides pétrolières (mise des installations - Lrs). On obtient presque l'on peut extraultés. ln les caractéristiques iques thermodynami- * Polytechnic Iiistitute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn 2, New ** Present address: The Emil Greiner Co., N.Y.C., U.S.A. York. Proceedings 3rd W.P.C., Section III qua, généralement exprimées en unités calorifiques. On peut en déduire des fonctions et examiner le sens de leurs variations. Ces cprbes s'appliquent à toutes sortes de caracté- ristiques: tension de vapeur, etc. Introduction The methods described in this article for the correlation of physical chemical data used in Petroleum Technology depend on the comparison of the properties of one substance with those of another substance under the same conditions, both by algebraic methods based on sound thermodynamic equations, and geometric plotting. While the methods have been developed generally and have many applications in other branches of chemical engineering and physical chemistry, many are particularly useful in the petroleum% industry. No substance is a "perfect" gas, liquid, or solid, and the deviations from "perfection" (i.e., the exact following of physical laws) of many properties of different real substances tend in the same direction. Thus, if instead of deriving equations or plotting abwlute values of properties of one substance against temperature, these are considered and plotted against properties of another substance always taken at ehe same temperature, an opportunity is given for smoothing the irregularities of the properties of the substance by balancing them against those of the other. A second major attempt has been the derivation of cquations and the development of them graphically so as to give straight line plots which will take advantage of the simplicity and precision of extrapolating and interpolating data as well as minim'izing the amount of experimental data required. The classic example of a plot which balances relative values of properties of two different substances rather than plotting absolute values of one is that of I 2 rKuc.CCuinb> i nliKu WVKLU r&TROLEUM CONGRESS-SECTION III Diihring, wherein approximately straight lines are obtained by plotmting temperatures at which aqueous solutions boil against the temperature at which water boils at the same pressure. P
- Europe (0.92)
- North America > United States (0.48)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (0.91)
Synopsis The author, describes the Hydraf rac procedure and outlines the factors that are considered in applying the process. Results of the tests on the first 316 wells treated show 72.5 70 success with an average increase in production amounting to 45.8 barrels per day. Résumé L'auteur décrit la méthode Hydrafrac et indique les facteurs à considérer en appliquant le procédé. Les résultats des essais effectués sur les premiers 316 sondages démontrent que le traitement a donné satisfaction dans 72, s % des cas, l'augmentation moyenne de la production s'élevant à 453 barils par jour. HYDRAFRAC, a term applied to a process for fracturing a producing zone by means of hydraulic pressure, was originally developed by the Research Department of Stanolind Oil and Gas Company. The process is a means whereby new or greater effective permeability may be generated within the zone being treated. It was originally intended to be used as a means of recovering additional reserves and of increasing the rate of production of older wells, but it has since received considerable attention as a completion procedure on new wells that have low product ivi ty. Hydrafrac treatment generates greater permeability by fracturing or splitting the formation to which it is applied. The fracturing is accomplished by hydraulic pressure transmitted as highly viscous liquids are pumped into the zone to be treated. It is necessary that the Hydrafrac chemicals, referred to as a gel, be of such viscosity that they offer high resistance to flow. Entry of these gels into a formation at a high volume rate can produce frictional resistance * HYDRAFRAC is a service mark of Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Inc. ** Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., Duncan, Oklahoma, U.S.A. and allow hydraulic pressure in excess of the natural shear strength of the formation to be applied, thereby raising the overburden and splitting the formation along some plane of weakness. The products commonly used to make Hydrafrac gels include crude oil, kerosene, Diesel fuel, and mixtures of these hydrocarbon liquids with the addition of Napalm soap to produce the required viscosities. After one of the gelled mixtures is pumped into the formation, it is followed with a second hydrocarbon liquid of less viscosity, containing only a blend of the necessary chemicals which will cause the Napalm soap gel to revert back to a liquid. In additien to these special viscosity breaking chemicals, the gel itself, by reason of a small percentage of added water will revert to the original viscosity within 24 to 48 hours. It is customary, however, to use gel breaker chemicals to accelerate the action. At the conclusion of the treatment, the well is shutin under the final displacement pressure and allowed to stand for a period of 24 hours. After this period, the well may be placed back on production without any clean-out. The breaker fluid
- Europe (0.48)
- North America > United States > Oklahoma (0.24)
Synopsis Secondary recovery of oil in California is considered in its broad aspects and in accordance with the A.P.I. definition includes pressure maintenance and restoration by gas injection in addition to water flooding and gas drive. Field operations have demonstrated the economic value of secondary recovery in California by gas injection but many complex unsolved problems together with only a few experimental water-flooding projects preclude any definite statement at this time regarding the economic soundness of water flooding in the state. The future of water flooding, however, is promising. The thick, complex and non-uniform sands of Califortlia reservoirs, with extreme variations in permeability and yielding oils of low A.P.I. gravities, offer the main difficulties. One of the major problems posed by California gas injection projects, the control of the selective movement or by-passing of gas, is discussed and illustrated by typical gas-injection projects in six different fields of the state. Important characteristics of California sands that affect the economic feasibility of water flooding are: variation in permeability of individual sand members, lenticularity, swelling of the clay component of some sands and excessive reservoir depths, An accelerated research program, with special emphasis on field experimental projects, is in order. Résumé La communication envisage la récupération secondaire du pétrole en Californie sous son aspect le plus large et, en accord avec la définition de l'A.P.I., y fait entrer le maintien et la restauration de la pression par injection de gaz en plus du waterflooding et du gas-drive. Les opérations sur les champs de Californie y ont montré la valeur économique de la récupération secondaire par injection de gaz, mais la multiplicité et la complexité des problèmes encore non-résolus jointes au nombre encore restreint des applications expérimentales du waterflooding interdisent jusqu'à présent toute affirma- * United States Bureau of Mines, San Francisco, California. tion définitive sur sa justification économique dans les limites de l'état. L'avenir du water-flooding, cependant, est prometteur. L'épaisseur, la complexité, le défaut d'uniformité des sables des réservoirs californienc, avec leurs variations extrêmes de perméabilité et les faibles densités A.P.I. de leurs huiles, constituent les dif ficultés principales. Un des problèmes majeurs posés par les applications d'injection de gaz en Californie, le contrôle des mouvements sélectifs ou du, bypassing" du gaz, est exposé à l'aide d'exemples types d'applications d'injection de gaz dans six champs différents de l'état. Les caractéristiques importantes des sables calif ornienc qui affectent la possibilité économique du water-flooding sont: les variations de perméabilité à l'i
- North America > United States > California > San Francisco County > San Francisco (0.54)
- North America > United States > California > Kern County (0.46)
- Geology > Mineral > Silicate > Phyllosilicate (0.50)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.47)
- South America > Brazil > Parnaiba Basin > Block PN-T-68 > California Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > California > Ventura Basin > San Miguelito Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > California > San Joaquin Basin > Rio Bravo Field (0.99)
- (8 more...)
Synopsis The production of crude oils of extremely high viscosity (q>70,000 centipoises at 20'C) from wells is one of the economic problems in the oilindustry. Such oils can not be produced by conventional methods. A special production-process has been developed, which by the application of heat guarantees an economic exploitation. The process consists in the introduction of heat into the formation by injecting steam, by electric heating or similar methods. The introduction of the, heat into the formation causes an alteration in the lay-out of the streamand equipotential-lines resulting in I-an increase of the production-rate 2-a higher total production of the well 3-a better ultimate recovery of the field. 4-a reduction of the drilling costs in consequence of an increased well-spacing. The field, producing by the process, is described from a geological and engineering standpoint. Data are given regarding the characteristics of the formation anid the oil. A diagram is presented, showing production from oxrer ?o we!ls where the influence of the introduction of the heat into the formation is obvious. The production rates per day and per well need careful theoretical investigations and control of the motion of the fluid in the reservoir during the period of production. Equations are given for calculating the production rate, the total production per well and the time of exploitation in bottom-water-drive fields. Analytic calculation of production has been considerably simplified by using the combined analytic and geometric treatment given in this paper. Special attention is given to the various field characteristics which influence the production. *Technical manager Pram Erdöl-Explorations-GmbH., Taufkirchen (Pram), Austria. A method to increase the ultimate recovery of the field is described. The practical economic aspects of the production of such viscous oils are investigated; the equipment for the field and exploitation costs are reported. Various data are presented regarding the financial investment of newly developed fields of similar characteristics. Résumé La production de bruts d'une viscosité extrêmement élevée (? > 70.000 centipoises à zoo C) à partir de sondages constitue un des problèmes économiques de l'industrie du pétrole. I1 est impossible de produire de tels bruts suivant les méthodes usuelles. On a mis au point un procédé spécial de production qui garantit une exploitation économique par l'utilisation de la chaleur. Le procédé consiste à introduire de la chaleur dans la formation par injection de vapeur, par chauffage à l'électricité ou suivant des methodes similaires. L'introduction de chaleur dans la formation provoque une altération de la distribution des lignes de courant et des équipotentielles d'où résultent
- North America > United States (0.46)
- Europe > Austria (0.34)
- Europe > Netherlands (0.28)
- Europe > Norway > Norwegian Sea (0.24)
- Europe > Austria > Leoprechting Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Gulf of Mexico > Central GOM > East Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > De Soto Canyon > Block 757 > Madagascar Field > Norphlet Formation (0.97)
Synopsis Oil recovery by fluid injection is a process in which part of the energy used for moving oil through the reservoir is derived from extraneous sources. By employing this definition a reasonably clear distinction can be made between various fluid injection processes such as: secondary recovery by gas or water injection and pressure maintenance by gas or water injection. The physical characteristics of reservoirs are controlling factors in the recovery of oil by both primary and secondary methods. Effects of the geologic structure of fields, and the porosity and permeability of the oil-bearing rocks on the results obtained from fluid injection processes are considered. The mechanics of fluid injection are discussed in considerable detail. The manner in which the contents of reservoirs and the characteristics of the reservoirs themselves control the injection of fluids and the production of fluids is emphasized. Methods whereby the effectiveness of fluid injection operations may be evaluated are proposed. Also, consideration is given to techniques which contribute to the proper control of the injection and production of fluids. Methods which have proven by field experience to result in superior oil recovery efficiency are described. Several important examples of the results obtained from fluid injection operations are described and illustrated in considerable detail. These examples were selected because of their historical significance and because they are outstanding from the standpoint of the development of new techniques for improving the recovery of oil. Possibilities for increasing the efficiency of oil recovery operations are considered. New methods that are currently in process of development or are in various stages of initial field application are described. Some of these are: the Atlantic high pressure gas injection process; the injection of inert gases; the Squires process for the application of heat to oil-bearing rocks; solvent extraction of the oil content * Houston, Texas. of reservoirs; a combination of gas and water injection; chemical flooding using surface active compounds, and carbonic acid; and the release of oil by the action of bacteria. Résumé Par, récupération du pétrole par injection de fluide" on désigne l'ensemble des procédés dans lesquelles une partie de l'énergie employée par le dé- placement du pétrole dans le gisement provient de sources étrangères. En utilisant cette définition on peut faire une distinction raisonnable et claire entre différents procédés d'injection de fluide tels que: la récupération secondaire par injection de gaz ou d'eau et le maintien de la pression par injection de gaz ou d'eau. Les caractéristiques physiques du réservoir sont les facteurs qui gouvernent la récupération du pétrole aussi, bien secondaire que primaire. L'influence de la structure géologique du champ, celle de la
- North America > United States > Oklahoma (1.00)
- North America > United States > Louisiana (1.00)
- North America > United States > Pennsylvania > McKean County (0.28)
- (2 more...)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.68)
- Geology > Mineral (0.68)
- Geology > Petroleum Play Type (0.67)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.46)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Disposal/Injection (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- North America > United States > Wyoming > Wertz Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > West Gulf Coast Tertiary Basin > Sugarland Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Texas > East Texas Salt Basin > East Texas Field > Woodbine Formation (0.99)
- (15 more...)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Fluid Dynamics > Flow in porous media (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Characterization > Exploration, development, structural geology (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Waterflooding (1.00)
- (3 more...)
RESOLUTION No g It is proposed that the pour point test (ASTM La méthode pour la détermination du point de test method D 97-47) be abolished for black oils, because figeage (Méthode ASTM 97-47) ne permettant pas it cannot be taken as a positive and direct d'effectuer des mesures directes et fidèles du comportement measure of the performance of such oils under all The Third World Petroleum Congress expresses Le Troisième Congrès Mondial du Pétrole exprime the urgent need for an index for viscosity-temperature le besoin urgent d'un indice pour exprimer la relation relation founded on a sounder theoretical basis viscosité-température sur une base théorique than the Dean and Davis Viscosity Index. Introduction: At the First World Petroleum Congress, 1933, the Au Premier Congrès Mondial du Pétrole tenu en following resolutions were adopted: 1933 les résolutions suivantes furent adoptées: I-"That viscosities should be expressed in c.g.s. Though since that time much progress has been Bien que depuis ce temps on ait fait beaucoup de made the use of kinematic viscosity for petroleum progrès, l'emploi de la viscosité cinématique pour les products is by no means general. RESOLUTION No 13 I-It is recommended that the American Society 1-11 est recommandé d'attirer l'attention de 1'American for Testing Materials (A. S. T. M.) andlor Coordinating Society for Testing Materials (A. S. T. M.) Research Council (C.
Chacun de ces groupes, celui des presently available on Pennsylvania oils, the approximations huiles de Pennsylvanie par exemple, se caractériserai involved in the empirical formulae and par la particularité que, dans un diagramme de vis in the correlations proposed hitherto, are shown to cosité-pression, les isothermes de tous les membres be unsatisfactory in several cases. This Pour finir, l'auteur démontre que si, d'une part, feature appreciably facilitates the establishment of les augmentations de viscosité - sous les pressions, better-fitting empirical formulae and correlations; très fortes par endroits, qui se produisent dans la further, it may we11 have some bearing on the theory pellicule d'huile entre des surfaces de frottement soumises of liquids. En réalité, le maximum surfaces-can be quite spectacular, their potentialities de gain relatif imaginable n'est que très modeste si for promoting hydrodynamic load-carrying capacity on le compare avec la capacité du cas idéal dans lequel are far from spectacular. Introduction capacity in the idealized case where viscosity is independent of pressure, is quite moderate. Britain, and by Kiesskalt (38) checked ('Sub-Section IA). We shall here refrain in Germany. At any rate, no attempts at correlation seem attempts have been made to establish correlations for to have been based on the theoretical formulae. A-Empirical Formulae for Viscosity All these correlations were intended to be generally -T e m p e rat u r e-P r e s s u r e R e 1 a t i o n-applicable at least to all mineral oils; fatty oils were ships sometimes included as a separate group.
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States > Pennsylvania (0.27)