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SYNOPSIS. In the introduction to this paper the author gives an account of the statutory measures for the control of atmospheric pollution that exist in the United Kingdom. The paper goes on to discuss the fundamental characteristics of the refining of Middle East crudes which may give rise to atmospheric pollution. An account is given of those problems which were foreseen at the design stage of a major refinery in the United Kingdom, together with the methods that were adopted at that time to solve them. Decisions were taken to recover H, S and to converi it to sulphur, to install stripping columns for malodorous water streams, and to utilize regenerative treatment methods for gasoline and light hydrocarbons. High stacks were incorporated in the plant, as were open pumphouses (for safety measures). Mechanical seals were specified on pumps handling Has-bearing liquids. The third section of the paper deals with the unforeseen dimculties that were encountered after start-up and describes methods by which they were overcome, under the headings of Crude Oil and Simple Distillation, Cracking, Treating and Ancillary Processes, Combustion, and Mechanical Equipment. The fourth section of the paper deals briefly with sampling and analytical techniques. R~SUMl% Dans l'introduction de cet exposé l'auteur nous renseigne sur les mesures législatives existant m Grande-Bretagne contre la pollution atmosphérique. Puis il passe en revue les particularités essentielles du raflnage des huiles lourdes du Moyen-Orient pouvant provoquer cette pollution. L'auteur expose les problèmes qui avaient été prévus au moment de l'élaboration des plans d'une importante raflnerie du Royaume-Uni, de même que les méthodes qu'on adopta à l'époque pour les résoudre. On décida de récupérer l'hydrogène sulphuré et de le convertir en soufre, d'installer des colonnes ((stripping N pour les effluents d'eau malodorants et d'adopter des méthodes de raflinage régénératif pour l'essence de pétrole et les hydrocarbures légers. L'installation fut dotée de hautes cheminées, ainsi que, par mesure de sécurité, de stations de pompage ouvertes. Toutes les pompes réservées à la manipulation des liquides contenant du Has furent munies de vannes mécaniques d'étanchéité. La troisième partie de l'exposé concerne les diflcultés imprévues qui se manifestèrent après la mise en marche et décrit les méthodes grâce auxquelles elles furent surmontées, sous les chapitres suivants: Huile lourde et Distillation simple, Distillation fractionnée, Traitement et Procédés subordonnés, Combustion, Outillage mécanique. La quatrième partie de l'exposé traite en abrégé des techniques adoptées pour l'échantillonnage et l'analyse. RIASSUNTO. Nel
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals (1.00)
- Government (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design (0.94)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (0.93)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Health > Noise, chemicals, and other workplace hazards (0.69)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (0.48)
SYNOPSIS. The objective of marketing is BY McMïLLIN (*) Section VIIIÍB, Paper 1 TERMINALS to assure an adequate supplu of products for customers and to accomplish this at the lowest practical cost. Marketing and distkbuting ternbinals are one way of uccomplishing this objective and nn integrated study of available business, transportation costs. methods of supply and construction costs is essential for determining the economic justification for II marketing terminal. The layout of facilities and the selection of all opernting equipment mwt be such as to safeguard the prodiicts and to provide for handling them in the most expeditious manner, at a minimum operating cost. As the loading rack at a terminal is a focal point of operations, the objectives in its design are:safety to personnel, products, plants and equipment; accurate stock control; fast loading of trucks. Accurate meters and billing by ticket printing metering devices is the most modem method to use. In the operation of a, terminal, the handling of trucks with the minimum of lost time is assured by an integrated operation such as:taking of orders from customers or from a district marketing opce; traffic routing; truck dispatching; routing of trucks; receipt of cargo. A Central Control is the best method to perform these integrated services, and nll phases of terminal operatiofi can emanate from this Control Center. From this Control Ray, meters on the tank truck loading rack can be put into operation, safety controls ca, n be activated, a tube dispatch system to the loading racks can be employed, together with loud-speakers which will fncilitate the operntions onrl reduce time of drivers or loaders. RESUME. Le but d'une distribution, commerciale est de garantir au client l'approvisionnement satisfaisant des produits, avec le minimum de dépense. Les stations avancées de distribution commerciale sont un des moyens d'atteindre ce but, et pour justifier économiquement les frais qu'entrainent de telles stations, il est essentiel de faire une étude complète des possibilités d'affaires, des frais de transport. des méthodes d'approvisionnement et des frais d'installation. L'ensemble des conditions et le choix de l'outillage doivent être de nature ù protéger les produits et ù permettre leur manipulation de la façon la plus-rapide, au coût le plus bas. Sachant que dans une telle station le post, de chargement est le point central des opérations, il faut particulièrement tenir comp e dans Son projet des objectifs suivants:sécurité du personnel, conservation du produit, des installations, et de l'outillage; possibilité d'un contrôle exact des stocks; chargement rapide des camions. La méthode la plus moderne à utiliser dans ce but est l'emploi de compteurs de précision et de machines enregistreuses qui impriment des bulletins de mesurp et de
This paper is devoted to those parts of an oil tanker's equipment which have a direct bearing upon the handling of petroleum cargoes. After a brief comparison between pre-19.39 and post-1945 tankers as regards size, speed and cargo pumping capacity, the authors give reasons for quicker turn-round in port. The delay which occurs when a tanker berths, due to shore personnel not being able to board the ship until after itissecurely moored and the gangway lowered, is dealt with,: and proposals made to cut down, this delay, High'er cargo h andlin.g To avoid such undesirable conditions they have given considera,ble thought to improving the relevant parts of a tanker. These are described and jllustrated in the paper. Single and twin pump-room tankers are discussed and proposals ly made to obtain the advantages of both, without the disadvantages of either. This includes an entire new arrangement of pipes and valves in cargo tanks, which is described and illustrated. The advantages of centrifugal type cnrgo pumps are outlined and proposals made for overcoming the risk of bulkhead gas-sealing gla.n,ds oaerheatin.g and igniting explosive gases thnt ma,y be present in tankers' pump-?.ooms. Introduction rate, which means, of course, that the average loading rate is seldom as high as it might be. Transportation oî bulk petroleum in mechanically This cautious practice is understandable and the propelled ships began about eighty years full advantage of high loading rates will not be ago. During the first seventy years of that obtained until oil tankers are provided with period oil tankers gradually became larger and improved means of qiiickly ascertaining the level faster, until about 1945 those in general use had of liquid in a tank, and stopping the in-flow of a dead-weight of approximately 12,000 tons and cargo in a shorter time than is now the case at a speed of 12 knots.
- Europe > United Kingdom (0.81)
- Asia > Middle East > Kuwait (0.46)
- Transportation > Marine (1.00)
- Transportation > Freight & Logistics Services > Shipping > Tanker (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas (1.00)
SYNOPSIS. Improving the elfiripncy of automobilp engines is one of the most important objectives of automotive engineers. Higher compression ratio, the key to emciency, can be achieved by thp use of higher octane fuel and from the development of mechanical octane numbers. Such factors as ignition control, value timing, carburetion. rngine-tronsmission relationship, and combustion chamber design contribute to the development of mechanical octane numbers. Of these factors, combustion chamber design offers the most fruitful field for fiiture developmpnt. By careful Co-orciination of three major paranwfrrs, flame tracel, turhulence, and mass distribution of the charge in favor of shorter comhustion time, it is possible to mnke a substantial improvement in the octane requirement of automotive engines. RESUIME. Les constructeurs d'automobiles consacrent une grande partie de leurs enorts a l'anzélioration du moteur. Un meilleur rendement du moteur peut etre obtenu en adoptant des taux de compression plus élevés grBce à l'emploi de carburants W indice d'octane plus haut, ou en améliorant t l'indice d'octane mécanique D. Des facteurs tels que le réglage de l'ulluiizage et des soupapes, la carburation, le rapport moÍeur-transmission et la forme de la chambre d'explosion contribuent h l'amélioration d~ l'indice d'octane ?nécanique, De tows ces facteurs, la construclion de la chambre d'explosion est celui qui réserve les plus grandes possibilités de progres. En coordonnant soigneusement les trois paramètres principaux: prrr-GOUTS de In flamme, turbulence, distribution de la masse de la charge en vue de réduire le temps de combustion, 11 est pratiquement possible de rtduire le cxigPnce rn octane des moteurs d'autonmbile. RIASSUNTO. Uno dei più importanti obiettivi dei tecnici dell'automobile è il miglioranzento del rendimento dei motori. l? possibile adottare rapporti di compressione più elevati, chiave dell'aumento di rendimento, impiegando carburanti a numero di ottano pi0 elevato oppure perfezionando il U numero di ottano meccanico N. Fattori quali la regolazione dell'accensione, la messa in fase clelle valvole, la carburuzione, il rapporto 7notore-trasinissione, e il disegno della camera di scoppio contribuiscono al rniglioraniento del R numero di ottano meccanico ». Tra questi fattori la costruzione della camern di scoppio costituisce il cnnipo più aperto ai futuri sviluppi. Coordinando accuratamente i tre parametri principali: conmino della fiamnici, turbolenza, distribuzione della massa della carica a fuvore di tempi di combustione più brevi, è possibile ridurre sostanzialmente il /abbisogno di ottano dei motori d'automobile. II_ (*) General Motori, Corporation, Research Laboratories Division, Detroit
- Energy > Oil & Gas (1.00)
- Transportation > Ground > Road (0.89)
- Transportation > Passenger (0.89)
- Automobiles & Trucks > Manufacturer (0.67)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Sustainability/Social Responsibility > Sustainable development (0.53)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment > Climate change (0.53)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design > Compressors, engines and turbines (0.36)