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Results
Study on Corrosion Resistance of Electroless Plating Ni-P Complex Coating
Bin, Huang Yan- (Academy of Armored Force Engineers) | Sheng, Wu Chun- (Academy of Armored Force Engineers) | De-Gang, Liu (Academy of Armored Force Engineers) | Jie, Liang Zhi- (Academy of Armored Force Engineers) | Jun, Shi Xiao- (Academy of Armored Force Engineers) | Yong, Zhang Qi- (Academy of Armored Force Engineers) | Hui, Lu Ya- (Academy of Armored Force Engineers)
ABSTRACT For components in equipment that are used in the littoral with a high requirement for corrosion resistance, the design project of electroless plated nickel-phosphorus complex deposit was put forward in the paper. The treating process of chromate sealing and organic porosity sealing for the surface of the deposit was optimized. By applying two different types of electroless plating solution, a double layer electroless plating deposit with 120mV of stable potential difference was prepared. The design of complex deposit can efficiently reduce porosity and improve the corrosion resistance of the deposit. Through X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the phase structure, constituent and chemical form were analyzed, which settled the foundation for the application of amorphous state Ni-P alloy on equipment. INTRODUCTION Electroless plating Ni-P alloy is of unique physical, chemical and mechanical property. Due to its great corrosion resisting property and good wear resistance, amorphous state deposit is widely used in various fields. To obtain a deposit with excellent properties, a strict plating procedure should be followed. The deposit with low porosity rate and even no porosity can be prepared when the surface quality of the part is high and the surface roughness is low. Proper process, such as getting rid of those surface defects like burr, pit, crack, scaffolding etc., should be applied during machining and pre-treating the part to be plated. In order to improve corrosion resistance of the deposit, it is also necessary to increase the surface precision and deposit thickness. Considering the fitting of parts, when applying electroless plating technique on vehicle components, the thickness of surface deposit should be within 30 ~tm. When both increasing the thickness and improving the surface precision, plating time and costs spent will be increased. In summary, when using commercial solution and when the surface is rough, only thicker deposit can eliminate pinholes on equipment with high requirement of corrosion resisting property. Based on the application of amorphous state Ni-P alloy on engineering equipment and combined with the problems occurred during the process. This project was designed to produce a complex deposit with the purpose of decreasing porosity rate of the deposit and increasing the corrosion resistance, while using the original process and working condition and not increasing deposit thickness. The design of and the study on complex deposits are of great significance in the real application.
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
ABSTRACT Rising operation and support costs have forced the US Army, as well as the other services, to look more closely at the impact of corrosion from the perspectives of cost, readiness and safety. Responsibility for known corrosion issues within the fleet must be equally shared among the acquisition, warfighting, and training communities. Any plan for long-term improvement must recognize these pillars of the total life cycle and energize each proponent to enact enhancements within their individual realms of responsibility and to coordinate efforts to maximize the effectiveness of the total program. As awareness of the impact of corrosion has grown, so have the efforts to mitigate it. The Army in general, and Army aviation specifically, have made needed improvements to address corrosion across the full spectrum of proponencies. While corrosion can never be stopped, enhanced awareness and coordination can and will reduce its impact on the fleet, resulting in controllable costs with greater readiness and safety. INTRODUCTION The cost of corrosion to Army aviation is estimated at $1.2B per year1. This number grows as the age of the fleet increases. In this age of increased operational tempo for all our armed services, the impact of corrosion is an unwelcome distraction to all Warfighters. Even in a perfect world, it is hard to keep a combat aircraft fully mission capable. The added time, labor requirements, and costs necessary to deal with corrosion are an additional burden which ultimately decreases readiness rates and reduces the quality of life for the line technicians charged with maintaining these airframes. Corrosion is a potential issue long before a piece of equipment arrives at a tactical unit. Acquisition officials are charged with the design, production and fielding of new equipment. The decisions made early on in the procurement realm are the first opportunity to affect the impact of corrosion over the total life cycle. A second opportunity to affect the impact of corrosion rests with the structure and content of formal military occupational skill training classes. Early awareness of potential corrosion issues by the maintainers can dramatically increase the appreciatio n and effectiveness of prevention measures called out in the technical manuals. The third element of the triad is the Warfighters themselves. Command emphasis is the key to accomplishment of any goal in the Army. The leaders and equipment operators (pilots) must also be aware of the magnitude of corrosion as a detractor to their mission readiness goals. Warfighters need assistance in maintaining the currency of their corrosion prevention knowledge through the constant cycle of personnel turnovers, and the implementation of procedural or technological improvements. These challenges to an effective corrosion prevention program have not gone unnoticed. Multiple activities are ongoing within the total Army structure to address these issues and progress is being made. The remainder of this paper will address some of the issues among the proponent organizations and the activities initiated to resolve them.
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (1.00)
- Government > Military > Army (1.00)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Management > Professionalism, Training, and Education (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (0.69)
ABSTRACT Umbilicals have been used for some time now for controlling wellhead functions on the sea floor, using hydraulic lines. These umbilicals have also been used to inject chemicals into subset wells to improve the overall flow of the system. One type of umbilical contains stainless steel tubes that are covered with plastic hose. The umbilical is used in the sea and hence is in contact with seawater. In this work a test method for crevice corrosion testing of stainless steel tubes for umbilicals is presented. The test method simulates the actual conditions inside an umbilical, for instance the low clamping forces resulting in low pressures from the crevice forming material and the geometry of the crevice formers. The used loading system was the one developed in the Crevcorr project, a European partly funded project aiming to develop a crevice corrosion test standard for qualifying stainless steel for seawater. The experimental set-up has to a large extent been developed and is intended to be included in the guidelines produced by the Crevcorr project. The results from 28 days exposure of a limited number of superduplex stainlee steel tubular specimens at constant temperatures with the test method indicate that UNS S32750 can be used in umbilicals at 70°C, but not at 90°C. INTRODUCTION A very common material to use for stainless steel tubing in umbilicals today is the superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 of which more than 20 million meters have been delivered for umbilicals. In addition to having the necessary mechanical properties of the stainless steel tubes inside the umbilical, sufficient corrosion resistance is of great importance. Today the most common material for stainless steel umbilical tubing is superduplex stainless steels. For the traditional umbilical, which is used at low temperatures, crevice corrosion has not been an issue. In fact superduplex stainless steels have been selected not because of its corrosion resistance, but due to the mechanical properties. Recently the use of umbilical tubing has been extended to warm waters or with designs that introduces higher temperatures inside the umbilical. This development has given demand for better understanding of the corrosion resistance of the umbilical and hence the need for qualification testing methods of stainless steel tubes for the umbilicals. In order to make a good fitness for purpose test, good knowledge of the environment is vital. In an umbilical it is the outside of the tubes that are subject to the seawater and hence it is the outer surface that should be tested. In this work the following conditions were aimed to be simulated during the testing: Welded and non-welded tubes. The umbilical is commonly produced by using butt welded coiled tubes. The welds are also covered by the plastic and it is therefore important to test welds.
- Europe (0.48)
- North America > United States (0.28)
- Materials > Metals & Mining > Steel (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.47)
ABSTRACT Over several decades, many thousand of tons of the copper-nickel alloy UNS C70600 have been used as a seawater piping material in marine engineering. In order to provide reliable service performance of the material, this paper discusses its metallurgical properties, the relevant mechanisms of general, localized and erosion corrosion, the unique biofouling resistance and the performance in polluted water. The guidelines for the production of UNS C70600 products, the design of pipe work, the limits of the alloy and useful service recommendations are outlined. INTRODUCTION The choice of an appropriate material for seawater service is a difficult decision that has to be made by a designer prior to specification of the system. Since a broad range of conditions will usually be imposed on the piping material, the impact of seawater on material performance is determined by numerous variables such as condition of the material, system design, fabrication procedure, various seawater temperatures and flow regimes, biological activity, and presence of oxidizing compounds. Further factors that are relevant in choosing a material for a seawater piping system are: physical and mechanical properties, availability, material costs, ease of fabrication and maintenance, anticipated design-life and previous design experience. Over several decades, many thousand of tons of the copper-nickel alloys UNS C71500 and UNS C70600 have been installed in different marine engineering structures for the shipbuilding, offshore, power and desalination industries. These alloys, which have been applied for seawater piping and heat exchangers, are adopted by various standards. UNS C71500 is predominantly used for military submarine service due to its higher strength and maximum allowable flow rate, as well as low magnetic permeability. However, the wider commercial application of this alloy is limited to a certain extent because of its higher material cost. The work-horse, therefore, is the UNS C70600 (CuNi 90/10, cupronickel). This alloy reveals a well-balanced combination of characteristics allowing its widespread and economical use. To ensure the further reliable application of the material, there is a need for a detailed discussion on its properties. In particular, attention should be drawn to the quality of CuNi 90/10 products, the performance in waters containing hydrogen sulfide and the prevention of erosion as well as galvanic corrosion. This paper is based on a literature review and experience of KME as a manufacturer of copper-nickel piping systems. It describes the relevant corrosion mechanisms and provides useful service recommendations particularly for UNS C70600.
- Europe (0.94)
- Asia (0.93)
- North America > United States (0.93)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- (2 more...)
ABSTRACT When metallic plates are welded, for example using the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) method, residual tensile stresses may develop in the vicinity of the weld seam. Processes such as Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) and Laser Shock Peening (LSP) could be applied locally to eliminate the residual stresses produced by welding. In this study, Alloy 22 (N06022) plates were welded and then the above-mentioned surface treatments were applied to eliminate the residual tensile stresses. The aim of the current study was to comparatively test the corrosion behavior of as-welded (ASW) plates with the corrosion behavior of plates with stress mitigated surfaces. Immersion and electrochemical tests were performed. Results from both general and localized corrosion tests show that the corrosion resistance of the mitigated plates was not affected by the surface treatments applied. INTRODUCTION Alloy 22 (N06022) has nominally 56% Nickel (Ni), 22% Chromium, 13% Molybdenum (Mo) and 3% Tungsten (W). 1 Alloy 22 is highly resistant to all types of corrosion, including environmentally assisted cracking, localized corrosion such as crevice corrosion and general or uniform corrosion. 2-4 Alloy 22 was selected for the fabrication of the outer shell of the high level nuclear waste containers for the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. 5-6 The containers will be fabricated and solution heat-treated before the waste is loaded into the containers. 6 After loading, the closure lid of the Alloy 22 containers will be welded using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. 7 There are currently two methods under consideration to minimize or eliminate residual tensile stresses that may result from the final closure welding. These are: (1) Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) and (2) Laser shock Peening (LSP). These stress mitigation treatments are aimed to reducing residual surface tensile stresses that could promote the initiation of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in Alloy 22. 6 It is important to know if the proposed surface treatments will affect the general and localized corrosion resistance of welded plates. The aim of this work was to evaluate comparatively the general and localized corrosion resistance of Alloy 22 in as-welded (ASW) plates and in welded plates that were treated for surface stress mitigation. Immersion and electrochemical tests were performed to assess changes in the corrosion resistance of the three studied materials.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.28)
- North America > United States > Nevada > Nye County (0.24)
- Law (1.00)
- Materials (0.96)
- Water & Waste Management > Solid Waste Management (0.86)
- (2 more...)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
ABSTRACT The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 established an objective of Nuclear Waste disposal in a deep geological repository. This act was later amended in 1987, and established Nevada as the only site to be characterized. In 1994 a technical decision was made for a multipurpose container consisting of an outer barrier of carbon steel, alloy 400 or Cu-Ni 70/30 and an inner barrier of alloy 825. Later this concept was modified to use more corrosion resistant alloys for the outer shell of the containers. Since then the corrosion resistance characteristics of alloys 825, 625, C-276 and 22 were compared for this application. The waste package design underwent several iterations with one of the latest concepts consisting of 20 mm thick alloy 22 (UNS N06022) as the outer container barrier. Taking into account that one of the main design features of the containers is the long term thermal stability not only of the base metal but also of the welds after long periods of exposure at elevated temperatures another nickel based alloy, namely alloy 59 (UNS N06059), has to be considered as an equal or even better alternative. This paper presents data on the relatively new but well established alloy 59 (UNS N06059) and on the primary candidate for the rad-waste container alloy 22 (UNS N06022). New results on the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and thermal stability of welded and unwelded material aged at 200, 300 and 427°C up to 20,000 h is compared for both alloys. INTRODUCTION Currently the design of the containers for high level radioactive waste is based on a 20 mm thick outer shell of a nickel based alloy. The main purpose of this outer shell is to prevent corrosion attack and therefore interaction between the content and the surrounding environment for the next 10,000 to 100,000 years. As the underground water contains halides which may promote localized corrosion of stainless steels, the use of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys becomes necessary. The selected alloy must not only have a low general corrosion rate but also excellent resistance to localized corrosion like pitting and crevice corrosion. Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) is the currently proposed material for the construction of the containers. Many studies have been done and reported on alloy 22's corrosion resistance characteristics of uniform corrosion, localized corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, thermal stability, microbiological corrosion, galvanic corrosion and intergranular corrosion for the base metal. More studies are being conducted on the weld joints in these waste containers under realistic repository environments. One essential feature in the design of nuclear waste containers is the ability to maintain its thermal stability after long periods of exposure at elevated temperatures. It is predicted that during the first 1,000 years of service lifetime the radioactive decay of the waste could produce temperatures as high as 250 ? 350 °C if no ventilation is considered in the alcoves. Possible aging effects resulting from long time exposure to this range of temperatures have to be considered for the base metal and welded material. Thermal stability during multi-pass welding of 20 mm thick plates of the container material and even thicker closure plates is a further issue. Microstructural changes and their possible detrimental effect on corrosion resistance have to be studied in detail, also in the welded condition.
- Water & Waste Management > Solid Waste Management (1.00)
- Energy > Power Industry > Utilities > Nuclear (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Metals & Mining > Steel (0.88)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability > Environment (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
ABSTRACT New stainless steel OCTG (New 15Cr steel pipe : 0.03C-15Cr-6Ni-2Mo-ICu) with high strength and superior corrosion resistance has been developed and its capability in oil and gas production environment is shown. The yield strength of the new 15Cr steel pipe was higher than 861 MPa (125 ksi), and good Charpy toughness was obtained in extremely low temperature condition. This material showed remarkably high strength even at high temperature of 200 degree C. The CO2 corrosion resistance was significantly improved so that the critical temperature for the developed pipe was more than 200 degree C at 15 MPa CO2 partial pressure. The superior corrosion resistance for revised the new 15Cr steel pipe was obtained by the higher amount of effective Cr in solution. In addition to this, the new 15Cr steel pipe showed good SSC resistance even in its high yield strength in the mildly sour environment. The good SSC resistance for this developed pipe was obtained by the good pitting resistance, induced from high Cr and Mo addition. INTRODUCTION Because of its good corrosion resistance in the high carbon dioxide (CO2) and chloride environment (1, 2), the field application of API 13% Cr (conventional 13Cr) steel pipe is increasing steadily for Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG),. However, the conventional 13Cr steel pipe is susceptible to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in the sour environment containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S)(3, 4) and less corrosion resistant at elevated temperatures. Furthermore high strength OCTG has been required due to the development of deep wells. A number of modified 13Cr steels with high strength and superior corrosion resistance have been proposed (5-8). Those materials show good CO2 corrosion resistance at elevated temperature and high CO2 environment. They have been used in the field applications widely. However, the application limit for modified 13Cr steels is 170 degree C (9) and duplex stainless steels have been used at more severe conditions. Duplex stainless steels show good corrosion resistance in higher temperature, but they are very expensive and raise production costs. With this background, we have developed new high strength stainless steel OCTG with superior corrosion resistance. The yield strength is higher than 125 ksi (861MPa) grade and corrosion rate is lower than 0.127mm/y at 200 degree C (392F). This paper describes the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of developed new 15Cr steel pipe.
ABSTRACT Although 13Cr steels are typically used for base pipe in conventional sand screens, there has been a movement to develop new CRA's for expandable pipe. The 13Cr martensitic steels have poor resistance to H2S induced SCC and do not have the required ductility to survive the high strains generated in an expandable screen base pipe. Austenitic stainless steels such as 316L (UNS $31603) have been shown to be sufficient for many applications with improved ductility and moderate corrosion resistance, but they have restrictive limits in environments where they can be used. Thus, a need for an alloy that can be expanded, but will maintain corrosion resistance is required. Furthermore, to prevail in this very competitive arena, the material must offer a cost-effective alternative to standard 13Cr and expanded 316L pipe. The basis for this study involves measuring the SCC resistance and predicting the mechanical behavior of higher strength corrosion resistant super-austenitic alloy 27-7MO (UNS $31277). Standard slow strain rate and U-bend tests will be used to explore environments where alloy UNS $31277 offers the most economic solution for sand control products. INTRODUCTION In sand control, the capability now exists for the sand screen to be expanded against the borehole ID, virtually eliminating the annulus around the screen and the need for gravel packing. While this provides the obvious advantage of larger production ID and ease of installation in horizontal applications, where gravel packing over long distances is problematic, this new method also has other benefits. The method increases the sand screen surface area, thus reducing pressure drop across the filter and increasing production rates. Finally, if a 'solid' expandable base pipe is used, because of its inherent high strength, the expanded screen can provide superior support to stabilize the borehole, which then minimizes the potential for sand production due to collapse and subsequent damage to the screen ~ . The challenge with the expandable screen base pipes has been that many conventional CRA materials, such as 13Cr, do not have sufficient ductility to undergo the more than 20% expansion required for this application. Mack has shown that the sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance of 13Cr is poor following expansion of only 10% 2. With this in mind, work has been done recently to characterize the corrosion performance of 316L (UNS $31603) for this application, since the austenitic stainless steels have ample ductility to survive expansion. UNS $31603 has been shown to work well in many sand control applications where the H2S content and temperature are low 3. The testing involved developing an envelope of acceptability for temperature, chloride content, and H2S content that pushed the current limits established for UNS $31603 according to ISO15156/NACE MR0175. These limits are essentially a maximum temperature of 60 °C (140 °F) with a maximum H2S pressure of 15 psi (100 kPa) but no limit on chlorides; alternatively the H2S level can be higher with very low chloride limits. Using the SSR method, the practical upper limit for UNS $31603 would appear to be around 3 kPa (0.5 psi) H2S at salinity and temperature no more than about 50,000 ppm chloride and 93 °C (200 °F). This gives expandable UNS $31603 the ability to replace conventional 13Cr in many sand control applications. This replacement is feasible because sand control is often a problem in shallow reservoirs where temperature is naturally low. However, the 13Cr steel that UNS $31603 is to replace has a 10 kPa (1.5 psi)limit, but no temperature cap, so a large region exists that UNS $31603 could not fill. Recently, applications have been identified that demand a m
ABSTRACT A new duplex stainless steel, $32101, was chosen in this work for investigation of the corrosion properties in an environment corresponding to concrete pore solutions. The new duplex stainless steel was developed for general use and with high mechanical strength. Furthermore, the steel has a chemical composition corresponding to a corrosion resistance similar to that of type 304 or better. To balance the ferritic-austenitic microstructure nitrogen and manganese are used instead of expensive nickel. In this work a general screening of the corrosion resistance of this steel grade is presented. First, this includes results from a test program regarding uniform corrosion, where a number of steel grades in addition to the new duplex steel grade were tested according to a test program specified by the Materials Technology Institute, MTI and standardized as ASTM G 157. Then, results from laboratory corrosion tests regarding pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking were compared for the new duplex steel to the standard austenitic stainless steels. Finally, the suitability of using this new duplex steel as reinforcements in concrete was investigated. For this purpose, rebars of UNS $32101 were compared with standard stainless steels, using electrochemical tests to screen the corrosion resistance. The test solutions were artificial solutions corresponding in alkalinity and chloride contents to concrete pore solutions. High corrosion resistance was obtained for the new duplex stainless steel in these solutions. These results were also discussed and compared with a field test carried out in a concrete bridges- survey. . INTRODUCTION Stainless Steels as reinforcement is a new application for stainless steels. Some examples of stainless steel grades used as reinforcements in concrete are of type 304, 304N, 316LN austenitic steel grades and UNS $32205, a duplex stainless steel grade with higher strength. The objectives, at present time, for altemative materials in reinforcements are improvement of properties and cost reduction. In this study the corrosion properties of a new duplex stainless steel grade LDX2101 ®(1), UNS $32101 (EN 1.4162) is presented. 10utokumpu Stainless Trade Name The cost saving potentials of using stainless steel $32101 as, for example, reinforcements in concrete, where high strength can be utilized and good corrosion performance is emphasized can be illustrated by good corrosion resistance and in less effort in maintenance. Localized corrosion such as pitting or crevice corrosion is rather expected in an environment containing chlorides, but commonly the high pH (>12) in concrete is beneficially increasing the corrosion resistance of stainless steels. For uniform corrosion to occur the environment has to be very acidic. However uniform corrosion might also occur in an alkaline environment in combination with a high temperature (100°C/212°F). However, in due time aging of concrete will introduce carbonation when SO3 and CO2 from rainwater penetrate the concrete and the pH is lowered close to 101. Nevertheless, in a concrete pore solution at this high pH the stainless steel would remain in the passive state. Chlorides are also present due to several possible causes such as deicing salts, chlorides in the mixing water for the concrete or any marine environmental influence. The chloride can either be bound into the concrete but also remain as free chlorides in the pore-solution. Calculating the risk for corrosion the amount of free chlorides in the pore-solutions has to be taken into account. Wang and Newman, recently investigated the possibility for crevice corrosion to occur on a steel grade of type 316L in concrete pore solutions at various
- Research Report > New Finding (0.48)
- Overview > Innovation (0.34)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT The threshold chloride concentration for solid 316LN stainless steel, 316L stainless steel clad, 2101 LDX, MMFX-2, and carbon steel rebar was investigated through potentiodynamic and potentiostatic current monitoring techniques in saturated Ca(OH)2 + NaCI solutions. There is general consensus in this study and the literature that the chloride threshold for carbon steel is less than a CI-/OH- molar ratio of 1. Solid 316LN stainless steel rebar was found to have a much higher chloride threshold (i.e., threshold CI-/OH- ratio > 20) than carbon steel (0.25
- North America > United States > Virginia (0.46)
- North America > United States > Texas (0.46)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)