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Abstract Seismic finite-difference (FD) modelling is a term that describes the propagation, recording and processing of virtual seismic waves through a computational model. It is an important tool for addressing a wide variety of questions related to seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation for the simple reason that seismic images are best assessed when the subsurface is well defined. FD modelling is particularly useful when data is to be acquired over targets that present complex imaging challenges, such as those underneath salt bodies or a highly heterogeneous shallow section (e.g. Regone, 2007; Kabir et al., 2009). This paper discusses the application of finite-difference modelling to the central part of the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) field offshore Azerbaijan (Figure 1) and builds on the earlier work of Crosby et al. (2014). ACG is a steeply-dipping NW-SE oriented anticline approximately 10 km wide and 50 km long. The targets reside within a series of Late Miocene stacked braided fluvio-deltaic sequences with intervening shales (e.g. Reynolds et al. 1998). Imaging is complicated by the presence of steep dips on the flanks and a highly heterogeneous shallow section including mud volcanoes, complex faults and shallow gas bodies at the crest. It is clear that any model must capture these details if it is to be useful. Historically, the principal limitations of seismic modelling have not just been computational, but have also resulted from the level of detail in the model itself. Models have either been constructed manually using a set of interpreted framework surfaces or derive their properties from existing seismic images (e.g. Regone, 2007; Kabir et al,. 2009). In the first case, reflectivity is often too simplistic; whilst in the second case artefacts and bandwidth limitations are introduced as truth into the model. A better approach is to simulate geological features directly when building the model. Two recent papers (Etgen and L'Heureux, 2013; L'Heureux and Etgen, 2013) present an automatic, probabilistic method for generating stochastic stratigraphy using a set of facies templates, and then morphing the resultant layering to structure. This approach can generate geologically realistic models to arbitrary levels of detail. Here we show the result of applying this method to Central Azeri, together with some preliminary synthetic seismic images.
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline > Stratigraphy (0.40)
- Geology > Sedimentary Geology (0.35)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Processing (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Seismic Modeling > Velocity Modeling (1.00)
Seeing Through the Noise: Seismic Survey Design in the Caspian Sea
Jackson, Joseph (BP) | Brooks, Chris (BP) | Dingler, Allison (BP) | Harrison, David (BP) | Lawrance, Dominic (BP)
Abstract Imaging the giant Azeri and Chirag fields and the Deep Water Portion of the Gunashli field (ACG) in the Caspian Sea is a complex challenge. While the basic structure is a simple, large anticline, seismic imaging is hindered by a combination of mud volcanoes, shallow gas, complex overburden, high attenuation and multiples. Towed Streamer (TS) data successfully images some of the field, but significant uplift is seen on Ocean Bottom (OB) data. In this paper the results of 2D field trials are analysed to understand how cleaner and higher resolution images may be obtained. Several passes of a 2D line were acquired in the field trials, with varying acquisition configurations and, unusually, recording simultaneously into TS and OB receivers. The limiting factors in existing data are examined, the potential benefits of deeper receiver towing and denser OB acquisition assessed, and recommendations made for future 3D acquisition. Some well-established benefits of deep tow data are verified, such as the reduction in swell noise and decreased impact of the 0Hz ghost notch. However, it is also shown that after careful denoise and deghosting, the shallow tow data is of similar quality. For OB data it is demonstrated that slow, aliased noise limits both data quality and useable bandwidth and that denser acquisition can successfully sample and remove this noise. Particularly, it is shown that survey design must not only provide sampling of primary signal, up to a desired frequency, but also provide at least one processing domain in which the slowest and most complex noise modes are un-aliased to the same frequency. This usually occurs naturally in towed streamer surveys which have densely sampled shot gathers, but is not always the case for OB surveys.
- Asia > Azerbaijan > Caspian Sea > Apsheron-Pribalkhan Ridge > South Caspian Basin > Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Field > Guneshli Field > Sabunchi Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Azerbaijan > Caspian Sea > Apsheron-Pribalkhan Ridge > South Caspian Basin > Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Field > Guneshli Field > Podkirmaku (PK) Formation (0.99)
- Asia > Azerbaijan > Caspian Sea > Apsheron-Pribalkhan Ridge > South Caspian Basin > Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Field > Guneshli Field > Nadkirmaku (NKP) Sand Formation (0.99)
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