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Mitigation of Reservoir Souring—Decision Process
Kalpakci, Bayram (IIT Research Inst.-Westport Technology Center Intl.) | Magri, N.F. (IIT Research Inst.-Westport Technology Center Intl.) | Ravenscroft, P.D. (BP Exploration Technology Provision) | McTeir, M.D.K. (BP Exploration Technology Provision) | Arf, G.T. (Consultant)
ABSTRACT In this paper a general H2S decision strategy, describing the types of information which should be gathered and decisions to be made addressing an existing H2S problem, or new field development is presented. Taking H2S into consideration in initial facility design, types of monitoring of H2S that should be carried out during field development and exploitation will be discussed. The usefulness of computer phase modelling, including equation of state calculations, to determine H2S concentrations in all phases from reservoir through the production stream will also be described. From quantification of the souring problem it can then be decided if, and where in the production stream, the use of sulfide scavengers is required. A laboratory based testing procedure will be presented, along with experimental data. In addition to consideration of the basic chemistry, results of an industry survey will be presented on the best applications for commmercial sulfide scavenging products. INTRODUCTION Souring can be described as the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) occurring in the reservoir, production tubing and/or surface facilities. Souring can be the source of such problems as corrosion, unsafe working conditions, unacceptable sales gas quality and scaling. In order to best understand souring in any field and to decide what, if any, remedial steps are required, a comprehensive approach should be taken. A general H2S decision strategy (Figure 1), includes the types of information which should be gathered and decisions to be made addressing an existing H2S problem, or new field development. The decision tree is intended to be taken as a flexible information starting point for operations personnel. Major areas covered by the decision process include:Measurement of H2S in the Field Prediction and Forecasting of H2S Production H2S Source Identification Remedial Treatments - Selection of H2S Scavengers
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (0.49)
ABSTRACT The partitioning of the H2S scavengers/biocides, glutaraldehyde and acrolein, between the oil and the aqueous phases has been determined. The effect of the presence of salt on the partition coefficients has also been studied for salt concentrations from 0 wt% to 10 wt%. Acrolein was found to partition 47% to 66%, and glutaraldehyde 0.2% to 0.3%, to the organic phase, in a heptane/brine system. The effect of aldehyde concentration has been evaluated, from 2-10 wt% for acrolein and 5-50 wt% for glutaraldehyde. Theoretical analysis has been achieved, correlating the acquired experimental data and available literature data using the Elliott, Suresh, Donahue, equation of state 1 (ESD-EOS). INTRODUCTION Hydrogen sulfide can cause signifcant problems in carrying out production operations for, and transport of, oil and gas. These problems include: corrosion, injection well damage, scaling, poor gas quality and environmental and safety concerns. A comprehensive approach is best taken when understanding and remediating H2S in the oil field. This paper addresses an area important to designing H2S remedial treatments: the phase behavior of potential additives for H2S control. The topics of developing a general H2S decision strategy and calculating the mass balance of H2S in a reservoir, combining phase behavior modeling and reservoir simulation, are addressed in separate SPE papers (Kalpakci et. al. 1994, Thrasher et. al. 1994) Two major approaches to remediating H2S problems is through the use of biocides, in those cases where the sulfide is produced by sulfur reducing bacteria (SRB), and chemical reaction of H2S, i.e. scavenging. A class of compounds which can act as biocides and scavengers are the aldehydes. Aldehydes take advantage of the tendency of H2S to ionize and covalently attach to carbon atoms with partial positive charges. Many aldehydes may show an increasing tendency to partition into the hydrocarbon phase as the electrolyte concentration increases.