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Internal waves in two-layer fluids can be simulated by the Numerical Wave Tank (NWT) technique in the frequency domain. The simulated waves are classified into two different wave modes. The numerical calculation is performed by a two-domain Boundary Element Method (BEM) in the potential fluid using whole-domain matrix scheme. The characteristics of the internal waves and their variations are investigated with incident waves and other computational parameters such as the ratio of fluid density and water depths. The calculated results are compared with available theoretical data. INTRODUCTION Internal waves usually occur in sub surface layers of water that differ in density due to the change of water temperature and salinity. For instance, when a layer of warm water encountered a layer of cold water with a higher salinity, an internal wave may develop at the interface between two density fluids. The amplitude of internal wave ranges from several feet in shallow water to nearly hundreds feet in deep water like a continental shelf. Internal waves have been observed and reported in different parts of the world. Farmer (1978) measured trains of large amplitude, nonlinear internal waves in Knight Inlet in British Columbia. Osborne and Burch (1980) recorded the internal waves occurred in the Andaman Sea, offshore Thailand. Liu et al. (1998) reported many observations of internal waves in China Sea and showed the evidences of strong wave-wave interactions in both East and South China Sea. The propagation of internal waves on the sub surface layer can be predicted by the appropriate dispersion relation. In case of no obstacles, the dispersion relation in two-layer fluids has two solutions (wave numbers) with a given wave frequency. The waves on both fluid layers propagate with two different wave numbers ks and ki corresponding to the surface wave mode and the internal wave mode, respectively.
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Application of an Integrated FEED Process Engineering Solution to Generic LNG FPSO Topsides
Hwang, Jihyun (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Seoul National University Seoul, Korea) | Ahn, Youngjoo (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) | Min, Joonho (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) | Jeong, Hojin (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) | Lee, Gwangno (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) | Kim, Mungyu (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) | Kim, Heechang (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) | Roh, Myung-Il (University of Ulsan)
An Integrated FEED (Front End Engineering Design) process engineering solution proposed in our previous work is applied to the Pre-FEED process engineering phase of Generic LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading) topsides process systems. The concept of the selected generic LNG FPSO topsides Systems is introduced to build an integrated FEED process engineering solution. The proposed solution leads all process activities of the Pre-FEED engineering phase of generic LNG FPSO topsides systems to an automated and integrated processing. The results of the application show that the solution increases engineering efficiency considerably by reducing critical factors such as costs, length of time, and human error in the generic LNG FPSO project. Therefore, the integrated FEED process engineering solution can be useful in offshore topside engineering fields including LNG FPSO topsides FEED. INTRODUCTION In recent offshore projects conducted by major oil companies, requirements have been changed considerably compared to previous projects. Firstly, the method of contract completion has changed to EPIC (Engineering, Procurement, Installation and Commissioning) from the more traditional AFC (Approved For Construction) contract type. This means has meant that the contractor must assume responsibility for all controversial points, from the engineering phase to the construction phase. So, the technical level of offshore engineers becomes more important than other factors. Secondly, the application of Engineering Management (EM) as a part of the Project Management (PM) is being requested by many oil companies because the concept of life cycle management, connected to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), is widely used when contractors prepare bids for offshore projects. (Infield Co., 2005 and Mather, 2002) This in turn means that the building of engineering infrastructure is being requested when the contractor performs offshore projects. Thirdly, the globalization of contractors is being requested. Among three major requirements, our study focuses on building engineering infrastructure to prepare EM in the future.