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Collaborating Authors
Vineland Electronics Ltd.
Abstract Gas permeability measurement is introduced to replace liquid permeability that has been associated with several complications and thus poses serious concerns. The resultant permeability value is an average property of the whole sample based on Darcy's approach. The Automated Probe Gas Permeameter (APGP) is gaining greater acceptance in lab and field applications for its simplicity and flexibility in measuring permeability at any petite spot on a sample surface and the ability to take measurements from irregular-shaped/different-sized samples at relatively short time intervals as compared to conventional techniques. The main concerns regarding the minimum sample size that can sustain permeability measurement, the question of how far the permeameter probe should be placed away from the boundary of the sample and the optimum size of the probe raise many doubts about the fate of this technology. The lab program utilized five standard Berea sandstone samples, three carbonate samples retrieved from currently producing oil reservoirs and one outcrop limestone sample. Obtained data have been analyzed using a designated regression package of modeling variograms. An analysis of bivariate modeling has been used to relate measured permeability to petrophysical properties of samples; mainly porosity, bulk permeability, pore throat quality/distribution and fracture parameters, if any. Existed concerns about the use of the Automated Probe Gas Permeameter have been investigated. Results show a strong relation between sample size, lateral/axial radius of investigation, and measured permeability. Other petrophysical properties show interesting, but moderate relationships. Fractured and vugy samples should be treated very carefully in terms of deciding probe position and data interpretation. Employment of set criterion may dramatically increase the implementation of the Automated Probe Gas Permeameter and improve confidence in resulting data. Field utilization of the equipment enhances efficiency in decision making right on the spot. Introduction Permeability measurement of rock samples has been a challenging task for the longest time. Gas is used to replace liquid for permeability measurement for its easy, fast, inexpensive and non-destructive experimentation. Commonly, traditional lab permeability determination is unfavorable because of the restrictions to cut plugs of standard geometrical size and shape, and the fact that it yields average permeability of the whole sample. The need to diagnose rock sample properties on the micro scale dictates permeability measurement at different location within the sample. Normally, gas and water are used as flowing fluids for the measurement of permeability in the lab. Inert gases such as Helium, Air and Nitrogen are often chosen, because they do not chemically interact with the rock matrix and it is possible to use unsaturated samples. The major difference between gas and water flow is the magnitude of compressibility effect. When using gas, different physical phenomena must be taken into account, for example flow in very small pores or at low pressures (i.e. gas slippage and pressure are dependent gas compressibility). In order to use the classical Darcy theory for gas permeability determination, the associated Klinkenberg effect should be considered and hence, measured lab permeability has to be corrected accordingly.
- North America > United States (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > UAE > Abu Dhabi Emirate > Abu Dhabi (0.15)
Future Projection of Energy Prices: A Predictive Model
Belhaj, Hadi Arbi (Texas Tech University) | Lay, G.F. Terry (Vineland Electronics Ltd.)
Abstract As developing countries industrialize and rich countries continue to devour power, global energy demand is projected to increase 60% in the next 25–30 years, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Fossil fuels will continue to dominate, estimated to account for 85% of future demand. Even if the Saudi Kingdom pumps to full capacity, currently rated at 15 million barrels per day, it is anticipated that oil markets will face continuing high demand, which is to say that the Excess Demand for Oil (EDO) characterizing world oil markets since 1973, will continue to grow. Assuming current rates of consumption, U.S. reserves are forecast to last only another nine years, as domestic production in the U.S. continues a decades-long decline. This paper, which forms part of a comprehensive study to develop economic models based on futuristic energy pricing policies, increasing globalization and better understanding of environmental impacts, analyzes oil prices over the last two decades as a basis for discussing four principal scenarios for predicting a general oil-price trend for the coming two decades. Concluding that a major supply-alleviating breakthrough from some other non-fossil-fuel alternative is unlikely, it therefore rules out the "Optimistic Model" scenario of a long-term steady-state for oil prices. After carefully considering the exploration efforts to increase the international reserves through new discoveries on the one hand, and the different implemented techniques of improved oil recovery (IOR) for maximizing production from discovered reservoirs on the other, it concludes instead that any of the other three models (two of them categorized as "Realistic") could emerge sometime in the next 3–5 years as the trend-setter. Introduction Energy is the prime driver of the global economy. Both current and future micro/macro economies revolve about energy usage. The well-being of world economies is determined by our decisions today, and very much influenced by the way we design and conduct our economic, social and environmental affairs. This ideology is supported by the huge impact of energy prices on all aspects of our life; no great effort is required to recognize how our daily lives are dependent upon energy. Striving to secure sustainable energy supplies, for both the short and long terms, has been the concern of many individuals, organizations and nations at different levels for a long time. Yet, no definite plan has been set to achieve such goals and therefore, the risk involved in the energy equation is dramatically high. The investor is in a real dilemma trying to project price for a barrel of oil, should it be $10/bbl, $27/bbl or $100/bbl? Economy growth in one region or country means more energy consumption rendering more energy demand and eventually higher energy prices, while higher energy prices lead to a slowing economy somewhere else. Moreover, high energy prices generate large revenues to finance more resource exploration. That's how complicated the energy equation is. In depth diagnosing of the energy equation indicates numerous factors affecting this equation. These factors are indefinite in their totality and interaction. Determining these factors is an unreachable target, let alone being able to weigh their sensitivities and select the critical ones. Many think that OPEC's twelve-country members control the main critical factors of the energy equation through their control of 78% of current world energy supplies. On the contrary, in their last meeting in Saudi Arabia (2007)1, they expressed their confusion as to where energy prices are heading. Instead of defining real controlling factors of the global energy future, they blamed consumers for most of the fluctuations and uncertainty.
- Asia > China (1.00)
- Asia > Middle East > Saudi Arabia (0.34)
- North America > United States > California (0.28)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > Asia Government > China Government (0.46)
- South America > Brazil > Brazil > South Atlantic Ocean > Santos Basin (0.99)
- Asia > China > Bohai Bay > Bohai Basin > Jidong Nanpu Field (0.99)
- North America > United States > Louisiana > China Field (0.97)
- Information Technology > Modeling & Simulation (0.64)
- Information Technology > Data Science > Data Mining (0.40)