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Search Petrowiki: Fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs
...t of conformance improvement gels is key to achieving the desired results within the reservoir. The flow properties of a gelant or gel as it is being placed are important parameters. Contents * 1 Gelan...t and gel flow and placement in matrix rock * 2 Mechanical zone isolation * 3 Gel treatments when matrix * 4 Ge... References * 13 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro * 14 External links * 15 See also Gelant and gel flow and placement in matrix rock To date, for all known gelant solutions used in conformance improvem...
Proper placement of conformance improvement gels is key to achieving the desired results within the reservoir. The flow properties of a gelant or gel as it is being placed are important parameters. To date, for all known gelant solutions used in conformance improvement treatments (including polymer gelant solutions), these gelant solutions place themselves in all matrix-rock geological strata according to Darcy flow considerations and do so without any special selective placement in only the high-permeability strata and flow paths. Any placement of gel into, and the associated permeability reduction of, a low-permeability and/or high oil saturation strata in the near-wellbore region surrounding a radial-flow matrix-rock-reservoir well will almost always be counter productive to improving the conformance of that well.[1][2] Thus, when applying a gel treatment, especially a near-wellbore gel treatment, to treat a vertical conformance problem of a radial-flow well in a matrix rock reservoir, mechanical zone isolation must be used to assure that the gelant is injected only into the high-permeability and/or low-oil-saturation geological strata to be treated.[1][2]
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... etched in the fracture walls. As such, the application of acid fracturing is confined to carbonate reservoirs and should never be used to stimulate sandstone, shale, or coal-seam ...reservoirs. Long etched fractures are difficult to obtain, because of high leakoff and rapid acid reaction wit...ing works more effectively near the wellbore. Acid reacts with the small grains (which prevents the flow of ...
Designing an acid-fracturing treatment is similar to designing a fracturing treatment with apropping agent. Williams, et al.[1] presents a thorough explanation of the fundamentals concerning acid fracturing. The main difference between acid fracturing and proppant fracturing is the way fracture conductivity is created. In proppant fracturing, a propping agent is used to prop open the fracture after the treatment is completed. In acid fracturing, acid is used to "etch" channels in the rock that comprise the walls of the fracture.
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...ance problems Conformance is a measure of the uniformity of the flood front of the injected drive fluid during an oil recovery flooding operation and the uniformity vertically and areally of the flood fr...o six categories: * Poor sweep efficiency and/or excessive co-production of the oil recovery drive fluid in a relatively homogeneous matrix-rock (unfractured) reservoir resulting from poor mobility contro...l and/or oil recovery drive-fluid fingering * Poor sweep efficiency and/or excessive co-production of the oil recovery drive ...
Conformance is a measure of the uniformity of the flood front of the injected drive fluid during an oil recovery flooding operation and the uniformity vertically and areally of the flood front as it is being propagated through an oil reservoir. The remediation, or partial remediation, of the first conformance problem is exemplified by a mobility-controlpolymer flood conducted in a reservoir containing a viscous oil and/or a reservoir that is characterized as being relatively homogeneous. Successful conformance improvement treatment is dependent on correctly assessing the nature of the conformance issue. There are two key distinctions that must be made in order to identify the appropriate treatment: * Differentiating between areal and vertical conformance problems[1] * Whether the high-permeability flow path of the conformance problem is simply a high-permeability flow path through unfractured matrix rock or is a high-permeability anomaly, such as a fracture[1] Vertical conformance problems, which are probably the most pervasive and most easily remedied conformance problems in matrix-rock (unfractured) reservoirs, are commonly manifested by geological strata of differing permeability overlying one another. In matrix-rock (unfractured) reservoirs, areal conformance problems, also referred to as "directional" high-permeability trends, can exist.
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...BN 978-1-55563-118-5 Get permission for reuse Contents * 1 Causes of Sand Production * 1.1 Fluid Flow * 1.2 Restraining Forces * 2 Consequences of Sand Production * 2.1 Accumulation Downhole * 2.2 ...5 Porosity * 3.6 Drawdown * 3.7 Finite Element Analysis * 3.8 Time Dependance * 3.9 Multiphase Flow * 4 Sand-Control Techniques * 4.1 Maintenance and Workover * 4.2 Rate Restriction * 4.3 Selecti...e-Wrapped Screens * 6.1 Slotted Liners * 6.2 Wire-Wrapped Screens * 6.3 Prepacked Screens * 6.4 Flow Capacities of Screens and Slotted Liners * 6.5 Tensile/Collapse Strengths of Wire-Wrapped and Prep...
Conventional well completions in soft formations (the compressive strength is less than 1,000 psi) commonly produce formation sand or fines with fluids. These formations are usually geologically young (Tertiary age) and shallow, and they have little or no natural cementation. Sand production is unwanted because it can plug wells, erode equipment, and reduce well productivity. It also has no economic value. Nonetheless, formation sand production from wells is dealt with daily on a global basis. In certain producing regions, sand control completions are the dominant type and result in considerable added expense to operations.
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...n 10,000 cp are sometimes used to define oil sands.[1][2][3][4] The oil in oil sands is an immobile fluid under existing reservoir conditions, and heavy oils are somewhat mobile fluids under ...naturally existing pressure gradients. Unconsolidated sandstones (UCSS) are sandstones (or sands) that posses...s no true tensile strength arising from grain-to-grain mineral cementation. Many heavy oil reservoirs are located in unconsolidated sandstones. Contents * 1 Importance of heavy oil * 2 Historical p...
Heavy oil is defined as liquid petroleum of less than 20 API gravity or more than 200 cp viscosity at reservoir conditions. No explicit differentiation is made between heavy oil and oil sands (tar sands), although the criteria of less than 12 API gravity and greater than 10,000 cp are sometimes used to define oil sands.[1][2][3][4] The oil in oil sands is an immobile fluid under existing reservoir conditions, and heavy oils are somewhat mobile fluids under naturally existing pressure gradients. Unconsolidated sandstones (UCSS) are sandstones (or sands) that possess no true tensile strength arising from grain-to-grain mineral cementation. Many heavy oil reservoirs are located in unconsolidated sandstones.
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...and reliability of simulation results in the face of model assumptions and uncertainty in reservoir-fluid and rock-description parameters. That material is omitted in this page; instead it summarizes curre...(1) where: * MiI is mass of component I in gridblock i * qijI is the interblock flow rate of component I from neighbor block j to blocki * qiI is a well term With transposition, this...large effect on the nature and expense of those multiplies. Implicit vs. explicit The interblock flow term in Eq. 1, ...(4) uses phase mobilities, densities, and mol fractions evalua...
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines simulate as assuming the appearance of without the reality. Simulation of petroleum reservoir performance refers to the construction and operation of a model whose behavior assumes the appearance of actual reservoir behavior. A model itself is either physical (for example, a laboratory sandpack) or mathematical. A mathematical model is a set of equations that, subject to certain assumptions, describes the physical processes active in the reservoir. Although the model itself obviously lacks the reality of the reservoir, the behavior of a valid model simulates--assumes the appearance of--the actual reservoir. The purpose of simulation is estimation of field performance (e.g., oil recovery) under one or more producing schemes. Whereas the field can be produced only once, at considerable expense, a model can be produced or run many times at low expense over a short period of time. Observation of model results that represent different producing conditions aids selection of an optimal set of producing conditions for the reservoir.
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... has come ongoing technological development that provides better tools and techniques for analyzing reservoirs and reservoir fluids as well as greater understanding of how reservoir geology affects reservoir pe... Volumetric Methods * 3.3 Performance Methods * 4 Special Problems* * 4.1 Coalbed Methane * 4.2 Fractured Reservoirs * 4.3 Natural Gas From Fracured Scale * 4.4 "Tight" Gas ...Reservoirs * 4.5 Heavy Oil * 4.6 Thin Oil Columns * 4.7 Geopressured Oil/Gas * 5 Probabilistic Procedures ...
Reserves are those quantities of petroleum which are anticipated to be commercially recovered from known accumulations from a given date forward. All reserves estimates involve some degree of uncertainty. The uncertainty depends chiefly on the amount of reliable geologic and engineering data available at the time of the estimate and the interpretation of these data. The relative degree of uncertainty may be conveyed by placing reserves into one of two principal classifications, either proved or unproved. Unproved reserves are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves and may be further subclassified as probable and possible reserves to denote progressively increasing uncertainty regarding their recoverability.
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...ance problem to be treated. This includes, during water- or gas-shutoff treatments, identifying the flow path of excessive water or gas production from its source to the production wellbore. Contents *...xt, if treating a high permeability anomaly ( 2 Darcy) conformance problem, select a gel treatment fluid that can be injected into the reservoir in a mature or partially mature state. If treating matrix-r... for sizing conformance gel treatments. When conducting near-wellbore gel treatments in matrix-rock reservoirs for total shutoff purposes, such as when using a CC/AP gel treatment for zone-abandonment or squeez...
The first step in designing a gel treatment is to correctly identify the nature of the conformance problem to be treated. This includes, during water- or gas-shutoff treatments, identifying the flow path of excessive water or gas production from its source to the production wellbore. The following procedure for gel technology selection is highly generalized, and the procedure should be modified as dictated by the actual reservoir conformance problem to be treated. If a service company or a company specializing in conformance treatment gels is to be involved, they should be consulted during each step of the selection process. A prerequisite is to eliminate all gel technologies, if any, that are prohibited by locally applicable safety or environmental regulations. First, determine the type of problem that is to be treated. That is, whether it is a matrix-rock problem or a high permeability anomaly problem, such as fractures.
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...6 Table 6.2--Characteristics of Four Successful U.S. Coalbed Methane Projects Unlike conventional reservoirs, coal seams are the source, trap, and reservoir for CBM. A comparison of the two reservoir types sh...ows profound differences in reservoir properties, storage mechanisms, flow mechanisms, and production profiles. CBM ...reservoirs are layered and contain an orthogonal fracture set called cleats, which are perpendicular to beddin...
Unlike conventional reservoirs, coal seams are the source, trap, and reservoir for CBM. A comparison of the two reservoir types shows profound differences in reservoir properties, storage mechanisms, flow mechanisms, and production profiles. CBM reservoirs are layered and contain an orthogonal fracture set called cleats, which are perpendicular to bedding. Because the coal matrix has essentially no permeability, CBM can be produced economically only if there is sufficient fracture permeability. Relative to conventional gas reservoirs, coal seam permeabilities are generally low and may vary by three orders of magnitude in wells separated by distances of less than 500 m.
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...illing 1.7.5 Well control 1.7.6 Wellbore pressure management 1.8 Formation damage 1.8.1 Rock fluid incompatibility 1.8.2 ...Fluid fluid incompatibility 1.8.3 Fines invasion 1.8.4 Biological activity 1.8.5 Phase trapping 1.9 Wel...nshore drilling units 1.10.5 Offshore drilling units 1.11 Drilling fluids and materials 1.11.1 Fluid mechanics for drilling 1.11.2 Drilling ...
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