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Search Petrowiki: Pore pressure prediction using seismic
...inuously and routinely by engineers who are responsible for its operations, as well as periodically using more-detailed and specialized technical studies (e.g., full-field numerical-reservoir-simulation st...s of primary production. During this period, the reservoir is repressured to its original reservoir pressure because the injected-water volumes will be substantially greater than the produced-fluid volumes. T...tion rates * Well-by-well water-injection rates * Injection wellhead pressures * Production-well pressure data Often, the well-by-well daily rate data are back-calculated from the gathering center's total...
There are many opportunities to modify and improve the waterflood as data are acquired and analyzed. Applying material balance concepts means that initially there is "reservoir fill-up" if the reservoir previously had some years of primary production. During this period, the reservoir is repressured to its original reservoir pressure because the injected-water volumes will be substantially greater than the produced-fluid volumes. Thereafter, the waterflood will be operated as a voidage-replacement process. The earliest waterflood monitoring techniques were developed soon after the first field applications of waterflooding; they were based on simple plots, maps, and calculations.
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...r existing reservoir conditions, and heavy oils are somewhat mobile fluids under naturally existing pressure gradients. Unconsolidated sandstones (UCSS) are sandstones (or sands) that possess no true tensile ...5, heavy-oil production was based largely on thermal stimulation, ฮT, to reduce viscosity and large pressure drops, ฮp, to induce flow. Projects used cyclic steam stimulation (huff 'n' puff), steam flooding, ...d gas (i.e., CH4, CO2, etc.) injection, polymer methods, and in-situ emulsification. Also, all high-pressure methods experienced advective instabilities such as viscous fingering, permeability channeling, wat...
Heavy oil is defined as liquid petroleum of less than 20 API gravity or more than 200 cp viscosity at reservoir conditions. No explicit differentiation is made between heavy oil and oil sands (tar sands), although the criteria of less than 12 API gravity and greater than 10,000 cp are sometimes used to define oil sands.[1][2][3][4] The oil in oil sands is an immobile fluid under existing reservoir conditions, and heavy oils are somewhat mobile fluids under naturally existing pressure gradients. Unconsolidated sandstones (UCSS) are sandstones (or sands) that possess no true tensile strength arising from grain-to-grain mineral cementation. Before 1985, heavy-oil production was based largely on thermal stimulation, ฮT, to reduce viscosity and large pressure drops, ฮp, to induce flow.
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... depth-tracking system. Fig. 15.2--Example of proximity and whisker switch. Fig. 15.3--Example of pressure transducers. Fig. 15.4--Schematic of a flow-paddle sensor. Fig. 15.5--Example of a torque (left) ...n addition, exploration and production companies may require specialized services such as formation-pressure monitoring and drilling optimization. To effectively support these services, additional sensors may...introduced, often based on early wireline technology. Coring points and casing points were selected using short normal-resistivity and natural gamma ray measurements, but limitations in these measurements ...
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...experiments, as shown inFig. 1.[1] * Fig. 1--This figure shows the loading path and the confining pressure as a function of strain recorded during compaction experiments conducted ...using two samples of a poorly consolidated, shaley turbiditic sand of Miocene age. Sample 1 was maintaine... a cylindrical rock sample is jacketed with an impermeable soft sleeve and placed in a fluid-filled pressure cell. The fluid ...
Understanding rock properties and how they react under various types of stress is important to development of a geomechanical model before drilling. Some major geomechanical rock properties are described below. Penetrometer testing * 3.3 Estimating strength parameters from other data * 4 Nomenclature * 4.1 Subscripts * 5 References * 6 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro * 7 External links * 8 See also * 9 Page champions * 10 Category To first order, most rocks obey the laws of linear elasticity. In other words, the stress required to cause a given strain, or normalized length change (ฮlk /ll), is linearly related to the magnitude of the deformation and proportional to the stiffnesses (or moduli), Mijkl. Furthermore, the strain response occurs instantaneously as soon as the stress is applied, and it is reversible--that is, after removal of a load, the material will be in the same state as it was before the load was applied.
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...Stress-Dependent Flow Properties * 6.4 Types of Coupled Models * 6.5 Future Trends and Needs * 7 Pressure/Volume/Temperature (PVT) Treatment--Curtis H. Whitson * 7.1 Number of Phases and Phase Type * 7.2...n is used. The Implicit Forumulation. The implicit formulation[16] expresses interblock flow terms using implicit (new time level) values of all variables in all gridblocks. As a consequence, all nonzeroA...ctively. The IMPES Formulation. Early paper[17][18][19] presented the basis of the IMPES (implicit pressure, explicit saturations) formulation for the black-oil case: take all variables in the interblock flo...
Any reservoir simulator consists of n m equations for each of N active gridblocks comprising the reservoir. These equations represent conservation of mass of each ofn components in each gridblock over a timestep ฮt from tn to tn 1 . The firstn (primary) equations simply express conservation of mass for each of n components such as oil, gas, methane, CO2, and water, denoted by subscript I 1,2,โฆ,n. In the thermal case, one of the "components" is energy and its equation expresses conservation of energy. An additional m (secondary or constraint) equations express constraints such as equal fugacities of each component in all phases where it is present, and the volume balanceSw So Sg Ssolid 1.0, whereS solid represents any immobile phase such as precipitated solid salt or coke. There must be n m variables (unknowns) corresponding to these n m equations. For example, consider the isothermal, three-phase, compositional case with all components present in all three phases.
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...covery. This is accomplished by "voidage replacement"--injection of water to increase the reservoir pressure to its initial level and maintain it near that ...pressure. The water displaces oil from the ...pore spaces, but the efficiency of such displacement depends on many factors (e.g., oil viscosity and ro...
In the early days of the oil industry, saline water or brine frequently was produced from a well along with oil, and as the oil-production rate declined, the water-production rate often would increase. This water typically was disposed of by dumping it into nearby streams or rivers. In the 1920s, the practice began of reinjecting the produced water into porous and permeable subsurface formations, including the reservoir interval from which the oil and water originally had come. By the 1930s, reinjection of produced water had become a common oilfield practice. Reinjection of water was first done systematically in the Bradford oil field of Pennsylvania, U.S.A.[5] There, the initial "circle-flood" approach was replaced by a "line flood," in which two rows of producing wells were staggered on both sides of an equally spaced row of water-injection wells.
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...ions, a list of key input distributions, sensible selection of outputs (not too many, not too few), using correlation among inputs, early screening of key variables through sensitivity analysis, and laying... for 26 shallow gas wells in a given field: pay thickness, porosity, reservoir temperature, initial pressure, water saturation, and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). We can use various functions in Excel to ...are vocal in their support of particular distributions), the following list provides guidelines for using some common distributions. Normal Distributions. Normal distributions are often used to represent ...
The oil and gas industry invests money and other resources in projects with highly uncertain outcomes. We drill complex wells and build gas plants, refineries, platforms, and pipelines where costly problems can occur and where associated revenues might be disappointing. We may lose our investment; we may make a handsome profit. We are in a risky business. Assessing the outcomes, assigning probabilities of occurrence and associated values, is how we analyze and prepare to manage risk.
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...f New Mexico. These wells targeted the Fruitland coal seams, which previously were viewed as a high-pressure hazard overlying deeper conventional oil and gas targets. Gas production development from the Fruit... m2.[2] CBM reservoirs can hold two to three times as much gas as a sandstone reservoir at the same pressure. Initially, the cleats are filled with water and/or gas, creating ...pressure that keeps the sorbed gas bound to the coal. Producing wells lower the ...
Development of the Coalbed Methane Industry Although mines in the U.S. have been venting coal gas intentionally since the 19th century, the production and sale of methane from coalbed wellbores is a relatively recent development. Methane was produced from a few coal seam wells in Wyoming, Kansas, and West Virginia during the early part of the twentieth century; however, the first deliberate attempts to complete wells as coalbed-methane (CBM) producers did not occur until the early 1950s in the San Juan basin of New Mexico. These wells targeted the Fruitland coal seams, which previously were viewed as a high-pressure hazard overlying deeper conventional oil and gas targets. Gas production development from the Fruitland coal seams languished until the mid-1970s when an energy crisis in the U.S. encouraged feasibility studies and investment. In the late 1970s, several companies completed wells in the Fruitland coal seams and found high gas contents and production rates of several hundred Mscf/D.[1]
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...covery. This is accomplished by "voidage replacement"--injection of water to increase the reservoir pressure to its initial level and maintain it near that ...pressure. The water displaces oil from the ...pore spaces, but the efficiency of such displacement depends on many factors (e.g., oil viscosity and ro...
The principal reason for waterflooding an oil reservoir is to increase the oil-production rate and, ultimately, the oil recovery. This is accomplished by "voidage replacement"--injection of water to increase the reservoir pressure to its initial level and maintain it near that pressure. The water displaces oil from the pore spaces, but the efficiency of such displacement depends on many factors (e.g., oil viscosity and rock characteristics). In oil fields such as Wilmington (California, US) and Ekofisk (North Sea), voidage replacement also has been used to mitigate additional surface subsidence. In these cases, the high porosity of the unconsolidated sandstones of the Wilmington oil field's reservoirs and of the soft chalk reservoir rock in the Ekofisk oil field had compacted significantly when the reservoir pressure was drawn down during primary production. Over the past 40 years, SPE has published three significant and in-depth books written by Craig,[1] Willhite,[2] and Rose et al.[3] that address waterflooding technology.
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...agnetic resonance (NMR) logging, including porosity, saturation, hydrocarbon identification, facies prediction, and permeability. Contents * 1 Laboratory studies * 2 Petrophysical properties * 3 NMR proper...ner as NMR-logging tools.[3] Because NMR analysis is nondestructive, NMR and conventional capillary-pressure measurements can be performed on the same samples, in both the saturated and partially saturated st...entify and quantify hydrocarbons, including residual oil * Developing models to predict changes in pore size (facies) Much of this work is summarized in Kenyon,[5] Murphy,[6] Woessner,[7] and Dunn et al...
This page provides an overview of the mathematical principles behind the petrophysical aspects of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging, including porosity, saturation, hydrocarbon identification, facies prediction, and permeability. Extensive laboratory studies on NMR behavior and on the properties of fluid-saturated porous media have been conducted since the inception of NMR and throughout the development of NMR-logging tools. The results from these investigations have provided the petrophysical foundation for understanding the logging measurements and for developing interpretation models and applications. Low-field, bench-top pulse-NMR spectrometers were developed concurrently with logging tools so that wellbore measurements could be duplicated on core samples in the laboratory.[1][2] These instruments operate and record data in the same manner as NMR-logging tools.[3]
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