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Search Petrowiki: Production logging application tables
...he oil/gas industry for highly fractured reservoirs because the high flow rates needed for economic production usually require fractures. Contents * 1 Occurrence of Geothermal Energy * 1.1 Heat Flow and Tem...l Simulation * 7.4 Conceptual Models and the Native State * 8 Field Operations * 8.1 Stimulating Production * 9 Measurements in Geothermal ...Production Applications * 9.1 Mass Flow * 9.2 Flow Measurement Errors in Well Testing * 9.3 Fluid Compositi...
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...he oil/gas industry for highly fractured reservoirs because the high flow rates needed for economic production usually require fractures. Contents * 1 Occurrence of Geothermal Energy * 1.1 Heat Flow and Tem...l Simulation * 7.4 Conceptual Models and the Native State * 8 Field Operations * 8.1 Stimulating Production * 9 Measurements in Geothermal ...Production Applications * 9.1 Mass Flow * 9.2 Flow Measurement Errors in Well Testing * 9.3 Fluid Compositi...
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...tion runs representing 1,000 wells drilled for each well space and fracture length using the data inTables 2 and 4. The results show that the average recovery varies from 1.97 Bcf for an unfractured well dr... 2000. SPE-63254-MS.http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/63254-MS. * 3.0 3.1 Staged Field Experiment No. 3: Application of Advanced Technologies in Tight Gas Sandstones--Travis Peak and Cotton Valley Formations, Waskom ... (4): 677-687. SPE-10039-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/10039-PA. * Holditch, S.A. 1974. Economic Production of Tight Gas Reservoirs Look Better. Oil & Gas J. (4 February): 99. * Gongora, C. 1995. Correlat...
Tight gas reservoirs generate many difficult problems for geologists, engineers, and managers. Cumulative gas recovery (thus income) per well is limited because of low gas flow rates and low recovery efficiencies when compared to most high permeability wells. To make a marginal well into a commercial well, the engineer must increase the recovery efficiency by using optimal completion techniques and decrease the costs required to drill, complete, stimulate, and operate a tight gas well. To minimize the costs of drilling and completion, many managers want to reduce the amount of money spent to log wells and totally eliminate money spent on extras such aswell testing. However, in these low-permeability layered systems, the engineers and geologists often need more data than is required to analyze high permeability reservoirs.
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...icant quantities of gas are also produced from low permeability carbonates, shales, and coal seams. Production of gas from coal seams is covered in a separate chapter in this handbook. In this chapter, ...production of gas from tight sandstones is the predominant theme. However, much of the same technology applies...mation Mechanical Properties * 16 Estimating Permeability * 16.1 Log-Derived Permeability * 16.2 Production Data Analyses * 16.3 Pressure Buildup Testing * 16.4 One Point Testing * 17 Statistical Correlat...
Tight gas is the term commonly used to refer to low permeability reservoirs that produce mainly dry natural gas. Many of the low permeability reservoirs that have been developed in the past are sandstone, but significant quantities of gas are also produced from low permeability carbonates, shales, and coal seams. Production of gas from coal seams is covered in a separate chapter in this handbook. In this chapter, production of gas from tight sandstones is the predominant theme. However, much of the same technology applies to tight carbonate and to gas shale reservoirs.
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... As examples, Clark[1] provides an extensive list of mineral and rock properties; Birch[2] presents tables of compressional velocities, and Gregory[3] gives a detailed overview of the use of rock property i...s calculated from these variations in pressure, from which porosities and densities are extracted. Logging. Several ...logging techniques are available to measure density or porosity.[27][28] These indirect techniques can have...
Rock and fluid properties provide the common denominator around which we build the models, interpretations, and predictions of petroleum engineering, as well as geology and geophysics. We consider here the properties of sedimentary rocks, particularly those that make up hydrocarbon reservoirs. Usually, these consist of sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. We must be more inclusive, and consider rocks such as shales, evaporates, and diatomites because these provide the seals, bounding materials, or source rocks to our reservoirs. It is important to note that shales and claystones make up the most abundant rock type in the typical sedimentary column.
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..., porosity, water saturation, and permeability). Log analysis, cased-hole formation evaluation, and production logging are not covered here. The following topics are covered in this chapter: petrophysical data sources...3.4 Other Historical Net Pay Cutoffs * 3.5 Geologic Considerations in Net-Pay Determination * 3.6 Application of Net-Pay Cutoffs to Well Logs * 4 Porosity Determination * 4.1 Use of Core Porosity Data * 4.2...Determination * 6.1 Techniques for Calculating Sw * 6.2 Data Availability and Data Quality * 6.3 Application of Each Sw Technique and Its Strengths and Weaknesses * 6.4 Integration of Sw Data From the Diff...
In making the petrophysical calculations of lithology, net pay, porosity, water saturation, and permeability at the reservoir level, the development of a complete petrophysical database is the critical first step. This section describes the requirements for creating such a database before making any of these calculations. The topic is divided into four parts: inventory of existing petrophysical data; evaluation of the quality of existing data; conditioning the data for reservoir parameter calculations; and acquisition of additional petrophysical data, where needed. The overall goal of developing the petrophysical database is to use as much valid data as possible to develop the best standard from which to make the calculations of the petrophysical parameters. Inventory of Existing Petrophysical Data To start the petrophysical calculations, the data that have been gathered previously from various wellbores throughout the reservoir must be identified, organized, and put into electronic form for future calculations.
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...AB12, following, modifies this ruling. Certain SABs published after Regulation S X[10] concern the application of financial accounting and disclosure rules for oil and gas producing activities. In particular, t...rves. No changes were made to the 1978 definitions, but the U.S. SEC engineering staff modified its application and interpretation of those definitions in light of the widespread technological advances in over t...he previous 20 years. The most significant of these application changes are discussed below. The 1997 SPE/WPC definitions[6] have been proposed as the technical s...
Although reserves estimates for known accumulations historically have used deterministic calculation procedures, the 1997 SPE/WPC definitions allow either deterministic or probabilistic procedures. Each of these is discussed briefly in the next two sections. Thereafter--except for another section on probabilistic procedures near the end--the chapter will focus on deterministic procedures because they still are more widely used. Both procedures need the same basic data and equations. Deterministic calculations of oil and/or gas initially in place (O/GIP) and reserves are based on best estimates of the true values of pertinent parameters, although it is recognized that there may be considerable uncertainty in such values.
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...ntinuous process that begins with the field discovery and all the way through to the last phases of production and abandonment. Reservoir modeling is the final step in the reservoir-characterization process, a...amic reservoir simulation is used to forecast ultimate hydrocarbon recovery on the basis of a given production scheme, or to compare the economics of different recovery methods. Conducting a dynamic flow simula...permeability and porosity; and relative permeability and capillary pressure/saturation functions or tables. Other necessary information could include fluid pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties, well...
Reservoir characterization encompasses all techniques and methods that improve our understanding of the geologic, geochemical, and petrophysical controls of fluid flow. It is a continuous process that begins with the field discovery and all the way through to the last phases of production and abandonment. Reservoir modeling is the final step in the reservoir-characterization process, and consists of building an upscaled geologic model for input to the fluid-flow numerical simulator. Dynamic reservoir simulation is used to forecast ultimate hydrocarbon recovery on the basis of a given production scheme, or to compare the economics of different recovery methods. Conducting a dynamic flow simulation requires several input data types.
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...ication Information Petroleum Engineering Handbook Larry W. Lake, Editor-in-Chief Volume IV - Production Operations Engineering Joe Dunn Clegg, Editor Copyright 2006, Society of Petroleum Engineers ...Chapter 5 โ Sand Control W.L. Penberthy Jr. (retired, Exxon Production Research Co.), with contributions from Baker Oil Tools Pgs. 175-239 ISBN 978-1-55563-118-5 Get ...permission for reuse Contents * 1 Causes of Sand Production * 1.1 Fluid Flow * 1.2 Restraining Forces * 2 Consequences of Sand ...
Conventional well completions in soft formations (the compressive strength is less than 1,000 psi) commonly produce formation sand or fines with fluids. These formations are usually geologically young (Tertiary age) and shallow, and they have little or no natural cementation. Sand production is unwanted because it can plug wells, erode equipment, and reduce well productivity. It also has no economic value. Nonetheless, formation sand production from wells is dealt with daily on a global basis. In certain producing regions, sand control completions are the dominant type and result in considerable added expense to operations.
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...ication Information Petroleum Engineering Handbook Larry W. Lake, Editor-in-Chief Volume IV - Production Operations Engineering Joe Dunn Clegg, Editor Copyright 2006, Society of Petroleum Engineers ...tion system and selecting components that are fit for purpose for both the downhole environment and application. Consideration must be given to the various modes under which the completion must operate and the e...bing string and packer. Ultimately, the system must be both efficient and cost-effective to achieve production and financial goals. A key factor in the completion design is the ...
There are many completion options available to oil and gas producers. Many of the basic components appear similar to those used in the past, yet they have been vastly improved, and their performance has been optimized to suit numerous environments. There are several keys to designing a successful completion system and selecting components that are fit for purpose for both the downhole environment and application. Consideration must be given to the various modes under which the completion must operate and the effects any changes in temperature or differential pressure will have on the tubing string and packer. Ultimately, the system must be both efficient and cost-effective to achieve production and financial goals. A key factor in the completion design is the production rate; see other chapters in this section of the Handbook for additional information on this topic. The intention of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the common components that make up the completion ...
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