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Search Petrowiki: Removing hydrocarbons from water
...eristics of well fluids handled by oil/gas separators. Crude Oil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons produced in liquid form. The American Petroleum Inst. (API) gravity of crude oil can range ...from 6 to 50 API and viscosity ...from 5 to 90,000 cp at average operating conditions. Viscosities are nearly always smaller in the reserv...
This chapter is a discussion of the design of two- and three-phase gas/liquid separators used in the oil/gas industry. Vertical and horizontal configurations are considered. Various internals to enhance gas/liquid and liquid/liquid separation are described. Level control and platform motion issues are also discussed. This chapter presents typical equations for sizing the vessels along with worked examples.
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...tor" in petroleum terminology designates a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced from oil/gas wells into gaseous and liquid components. Separation is required for stage recovery of liqu...id hydrocarbons, producing saleable oil and gas streams, well testing, metering, and protection of pumps and compre...rs are required to provide oil/gas streams that meet saleable pipeline specifications, as well as a water/solids stream for disposal. Typically, the oil must have less than 1% (by volume) ...
General The term "oil/gas separator" in petroleum terminology designates a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced from oil/gas wells into gaseous and liquid components. Separation is required for stage recovery of liquid hydrocarbons, producing saleable oil and gas streams, well testing, metering, and protection of pumps and compressors. Separators are required to provide oil/gas streams that meet saleable pipeline specifications, as well as a water/solids stream for disposal. Typically, the oil must have less than 1% (by volume) water and less than 5 lbm water/MMscf gas. The water stream must have less than 29 ppm oil for overboard discharge in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM).
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...hore) that corrodes the load bearing casing externally inside the conductor. * Aquifers or surface water on shore that are not isolated and corrode the exposed casing externally. * Mismatch of materials ...gn with appropriate material selection that is adequate to last well life cycle * Take gas samples from annuli for analysis. Confirm presence of H2, CO2 or O2. Corrosion monitoring and surveillance opti...programme, or may be initiated in response to an event or an observed anomaly. Surveillance results from sample wells may be used as an input across wells of the same type in a field to predict failure ra...
There are different definitions of what is Well Integrity. The most widely accepted definition is given by NORSOK D-010: "Application of technical, operational and organizational solutions to reduce risk of uncontrolled release of formation fluids throughout the life cycle of a well."[1] Other accepted definition is given by ISO TS 16530-2 "Containment and the prevention of the escape of fluids (i.e. Well Integrity is a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, well integrity engineers need to interact constantly with different disciplines to assess the status of well barriers and well barrier envelopes at all times.
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- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (1.00)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity (1.00)
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...Gas turbine engines Gas turbines range in size from microturbines at 50 hp (37.3 kW) to large industrial turbines of 250,000 hp (190 kW). This page... * 4 Exhaust emissions * 4.1 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) * 4.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) * 4.3 Unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) * 4.4 Particulates * 4.5 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) * 5 Emission control * 6 Exhaust heat * 7 ...emperature. Increasing turbine efficiency Simple cycle Most of the mechanical energy extracted from the gas stream by the turbine is required to drive the air compressor, with the remainder available...
Gas turbines range in size from microturbines at 50 hp (37.3 kW) to large industrial turbines of 250,000 hp (190 kW). This page focuses on the gas turbine engine, the differences between types of turbines, and items to consider when they are applied as theprime mover. Degree of packaging * 4 Exhaust emissions * 4.1 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) * 4.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) * 4.3 Unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) * 4.4 Particulates * 4.5 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) * 5 Emission control * 6 Exhaust heat * 7 References * 8 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro * 9 External links * 10 See also As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 1, the "open" Brayton cycle is the thermodynamic cycle for all gas turbines. Air enters the compressor inlet at ambient conditions (Point 1), is compressed (Point 2), and passes through the combustion system, where it is combined with fuel and "fired" to the maximum cycle temperature (Point 3). The heated air is expanded through the gas producer turbine section (between Points 3 and 5), where the energy of the working fluid is extracted to generate power for driving the compressor, and expanded through the power turbine to drive the load (Point 7).
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...Matrix acidizing PetroWiki (Redirected from Acidizing) Matrix acidizing refers to one of two stimulation processes in which acid is injected i... of the rock. This process enlarges the natural pores of the reservoir which stimulates the flow of hydrocarbons. Effective acidizing is guided by practical limits in volumes and types of acid and procedures so a...w fracturing pressure.[1] Acidizing to remove damage A matrix treatment restores permeability by removing damage around the wellbore, thus improving productivity in both sandstone and carbonate wells. Alth...
Matrix acidizing refers to one of two stimulation processes in which acid is injected into the well penetrating the rock pores at pressures below fracture pressure. Acidizing is used to either stimulate a well to improve flow or to remove damage. During matrix acidizing the acids dissolve the sediments and mud solids within the pores that are inhibiting the permeability of the rock. This process enlarges the natural pores of the reservoir which stimulates the flow of hydrocarbons. Effective acidizing is guided by practical limits in volumes and types of acid and procedures so as to achieve an optimum removal of theformation damage around the wellbore.
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... of the rock. This process enlarges the natural pores of the reservoir which stimulates the flow of hydrocarbons. Effective acidizing is guided by practical limits in volumes and types of acid and procedures so a...w fracturing pressure.[1] Acidizing to remove damage A matrix treatment restores permeability by removing damage around the wellbore, thus improving productivity in both sandstone and carbonate wells. Alth...ithin 12 in., as inFig. 2. More moderate damage (kD/k greater than 0.2) may occur much deeper (3 ft from the wellbore or more), as described inFig. 3. Oilwell flow behavior is greatly affected by the geom...
Matrix acidizing refers to one of two stimulation processes in which acid is injected into the well penetrating the rock pores at pressures below fracture pressure. Acidizing is used to either stimulate a well to improve flow or to remove damage. During matrix acidizing the acids dissolve the sediments and mud solids within the pores that are inhibiting the permeability of the rock. This process enlarges the natural pores of the reservoir which stimulates the flow of hydrocarbons. Effective acidizing is guided by practical limits in volumes and types of acid and procedures so as to achieve an optimum removal of theformation damage around the wellbore.
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... be separated, the oil/gas separators can be grouped into gas/liquid two-phase separator or oil/gas/water three-phase separator. Based on separation function, the oil/gas separators can also classified int... and third stage separator are applied for further treatment of each individual phase (gas, oil and water). Depending on a specific application, oil/gas separators are also called deliquilizer or degasser... The deliquilizers are used to remove dispersed droplets from a bulk gas stream; while the degassers are designed to remove contaimined gas bubbles ...
An oil/gas separator is a pressure vessel used for separating a well stream into gaseous and liquid components. They are installed either in an onshore processing station or on an offshore platform. Based on the vessel configurations, the oil/gas separators can be divided into horizontal, vertical, or spherical separators. In teams of fluids to be separated, the oil/gas separators can be grouped into gas/liquid two-phase separator or oil/gas/water three-phase separator. Based on separation function, the oil/gas separators can also classified into primary phase separator, test separator, high-pressure separator, low-pressure separator, deliquilizer, degasser, etc. To meet process requirements, the oil/gas separators are normally designed in stages, in which the first stage separator is used for priliminary phase separation, while the second and third stage separator are applied for further treatment of each individual phase (gas, oil and water). Depending on a specific application, oil/gas separators are also called deliquilizer or degasser.
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...illary forces are reduced by injection of surfactant solutions that contain molecules with oil- and water-soluble portions. Such molecules migrate to the oil/...water interface and reduce the interfacial tension, thereby reducing the magnitude of the capillary force...ant and brine. If the oil solubilized into the surfactant/brine phase is nearly the same mixture of hydrocarbons as the original "oil," then the representation in terms of pseudocomponents is reasonable. The comp...
Phase behavior plays an important role in a variety of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Such processes are designed to overcome, in one way or another, the capillary forces that act to trap oil during waterflooding. Interpretation ofphase diagrams is particularly important in the design of surfactant/polymer processes and gas-injection processes. In surfactant/polymer displacement processes, the effects of capillary forces are reduced by injection of surfactant solutions that contain molecules with oil- and water-soluble portions. Such molecules migrate to the oil/water interface and reduce the interfacial tension, thereby reducing the magnitude of the capillary forces that resist movement of trapped oil. Figure 1[1] shows phase diagrams typical of those used to describe the behavior of surfactant systems.
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- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Improved and Enhanced Recovery > Gas-injection methods (1.00)
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...r a mixture of these materials. The deposits also can contain resins, crude oil, fines, scales, and water.[1] This chapter discusses the experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of the phase beh...is section of the handbook for additional information on hydrocarbon phase behavior. Information on water/hydrocarbon systems is given in the chapters on ...water hydration and crude oil emulsions. Asphaltenes precipitation is caused by a number of factors incl...
Several approaches that use the activity-coefficient model assume the oil and asphaltene as two pseudocomponents: one component representing the deasphalted oil and the other the asphaltenes. Andersen and Speight[69] provided a review of activity models in this category. Other approaches represent the precipitate as a multicomponent solid.
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...tion cycle and fuel type required to complete this task are what distinguish the three engine types from each other. Two-stroke cycle engines or two-cycle engines complete their combustion cycle in two pi...arged. Either option has advantages and disadvantages. Naturally aspirated engines breathe directly from the environment, which means that air enters the cylinder under atmospheric pressure. During the in... In a naturally aspirated engine, the atmospheric pressure causes the intake air to flow naturally from high to low pressure and into the combustion chamber. Because a naturally aspirated engine relies o...
In the energy industry, pumping units, compressors, chillers, and other forms of related equipment are driven by prime movers. The most common prime movers in the oil and gas industry are natural gas turbines and reciprocating engines. Steam turbines can also be used. Steam turbines are not common in field operations and are used primarily in plants; therefore, they are not discussed in this chapter. Electric motors are not considered "prime" movers and are discussed in the chapter on Electrical Systems. Each type of prime mover has unique characteristics that make it appropriate for an application on the basis of site conditions and fuel energy availability. The availability and economics of the prime mover fuel source and horsepower requirements frequently dictate that reciprocating internal combustion engines be selected to drive energy industry equipment. This section focuses on the reciprocating internal combustion engine and explores the difference between engine speeds, types of engine aspiration, and typical expected exhaust emissions.
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