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Search Petrowiki: Well integrity onshore
...Pipelines The pipeline system that conveys the individual-well production or that of a group of wells from a central facility to a central system or terminal loca...ring pipeline. Generally, the gathering pipeline system is a series of pipelines that flow from the well production facilities in a producing field to a gathering "trunk" pipeline. Contents * 1 Gatheri...ng systems * 2 Transmission pipelines * 3 Onshore pipelines * 3.1 Pipe selection and wall thickness * 3.2 Material selection * 3.3 Route selection...
The pipeline system that conveys the individual-well production or that of a group of wells from a central facility to a central system or terminal location is a gathering pipeline. Generally, the gathering pipeline system is a series of pipelines that flow from the well production facilities in a producing field to a gathering "trunk" pipeline. Gathering systems typically fall into one of four categories: * Single-trunk systems with "lateral" lines from each well production facility. Gathering systems typically require small-diameter pipe that runs over relatively short distances. The branch lateral lines commonly are 2 to 8 in. Gathering systems should be designed to minimize pressure drop without having to use large-diameter pipe or require mechanical pressure-elevation equipment (pumps for liquid and compressors for gas) to move the fluid volume. For natural-gas gathering lines, the Weymouth equation can be used to size the pipe. "Cross-country" transmission pipelines will collect the product from many "supply" sources and "deliver" to one or more end users. Transmission pipelines will generally require much larger pipe than gathering systems. Transmission systems normally are designed for long distances and will require pressure-boosting equipment along the route. Many factors must be considered when designing, building, and operating a pipeline system. Once the basic pipe ID is determined using the applicable flow formula, the other significant design parameters must be addressed.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Midstream (1.00)
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- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Processing Systems and Design (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Piping design and simulation (1.00)
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...c, liability, safety, government regulations, and other requirements imposed during the life of the well will be met. Zonal isolation is not directly related to production; however, this necessary task mu...d effectively to allow production or stimulation operations to be conducted. Thus, the success of a well depends on this primary operation. In addition to isolating oil-, gas-, and water-producing zones, ...rilling, primary cementing, and completion operations. The need for remedial cementing to restore a well ' s operation indicates that primary operational planning and execution were ineffective, resulting...
Remedial cementing requires as much technical, engineering, and operational experience, as primary cementing but is often done when wellbore conditions are unknown or out of control, and when wasted rig time and escalating costs force poor decisions and high risk. Squeeze cementing is a "correction" process that is usually only necessary to correct a problem in the wellbore. Before using a squeeze application, a series of decisions must be made to determine (1) if a problem exists, (2) the magnitude of the problem, (3) if squeeze cementing will correct it, (4) the risk factors present, and (5) if economics will support it. Most squeeze applications are unnecessary because they result from poor primary-cement-job evaluations or job diagnostics. Squeeze cementing is a dehydration process. A cement slurry is prepared and pumped down a wellbore to the problem area or squeeze target. The area is isolated, and pressure is applied from the surface to effectively force the slurry into all voids. The slurry is designed specifically to fill the type of void in the wellbore, whether it is a small crack or micro-annuli, casing split or large vug, formation rock or another kind of cavity. Thus, the slurry design and rate of dehydration or fluid loss designed into the slurry is critical, and a poor design may not provide a complete fill and seal of the voids.
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...s. 317-394 ISBN 978-1-55563-116-1 Get permission for reuse Once oil and gas are located and the well is successfully drilled and completed, the product must be transported to a facility where it can b...m that illustrates the typical, basic "wellhead to sales" concept. The typical system begins at the well flow-control device on the producing "wing(s)" of the wellhead tree and includes the ...well "flowline," production/treating/storage equipment, custody-transfer measurement equipment, and the ...
Once oil and gas are located and the well is successfully drilled and completed, the product must be transported to a facility where it can be produced/treated, stored, processed, refined, or transferred for eventual sale.Figure 1.1 is a simplified diagram that illustrates the typical, basic "wellhead to sales" concept. The typical system begins at the well flow-control device on the producing "wing(s)" of the wellhead tree and includes the well "flowline," production/treating/storage equipment, custody-transfer measurement equipment, and the gathering or sales pipeline. Information and detailed discussions concerning petroleum production, treating, storage, and measurement equipment are located in various chapters of thisHandbook. The piping and pipeline systems typically associated with producing wells include, but are not limited to, the well flowline, interconnecting equipment piping within the production "battery," the gathering or sales pipeline, and the transmission pipeline.
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...ons Excluding all water from the oil while the oil is produced and/or preventing all agitation of well fluids would prevent emulsion from forming; however, because these both are impossible, or nearly s...rnational). * Fig. 3.2--Relationship of density with temperature for three crude oils.[1] Heating well fluids is expensive. Adding heat can cause a significant loss of the lower-boiling-point hydrocarbo...t is discharged from the treating unit, it can be flowed through a heat exchanger with the incoming well fluid to transfer the heat to the cooler incoming ...
Treaters may be fitted with a power supply that has a voltage controller. The controller combines a 35% reactance transformer with an electronic device that senses the load being drawn and adjusts the power to the transformer accordingly.[13] The power adjustment is made by silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), which switch the power on and off rapidly so that very short bursts of high power are interspersed with "off" periods. Therefore, the transformer does not exceed its average heat dissipation rating. This allows power to be delivered to the process under upset conditions without compromising the integrity of the power supply.
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- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
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...aper reports from data collected and recorded by hand, culminating in the daily "morning report" of well progress. Because of the progress in computer hardware and software over the past 20 years, spurred...e can develop a great deal of information and understanding concerning the physical properties of a well from the surface to final depth. A critical function in data analysis is familiarity with the diffe...acking Sensors Flow-tracking sensors are used to monitor fluid-flow rate being applied downhole as well as the pump strokes required to achieve this flow rate. Data gathered from these sensors are essent...
By analyzing cuttings, drilling mud, and drilling parameters for hydrocarbon-associated phenomena, we can develop a great deal of information and understanding concerning the physical properties of a well from the surface to final depth. A critical function in data analysis is familiarity with the different sensors used for gathering surface data. These sensors can be grouped as follows: * Depth Tracking.
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...ainability * 7 Management * 8 Data science and engineering analytics Drilling 1 Drilling 1.1 Well planning 1.1.1 ...Well site preparation 1.1.2 Authority for expenditures (AFE) 1.1.3 Trajectory design 1.2 Wellbore ...design 1.2.1 Wellbore integrity 1.2.2 Geomechanics 1.2.3 Rock properties 1.3 Wellhead design 1.3.1 Surface wellheads 1.3.2...
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... up the tubing. Contents * 1 Historical perspective * 2 Reasons to use downhole processing * 3 Well completions for downhole processing * 4 Influence of downhole equipment development on surface equ...arate oil, gas, and water from each other and prepare each stream for sale or reinjection/disposal. Onshore, or in shallow water, large equipment is preferred because it is more tolerant of upsets, and small...rmined by the amount of water production and may be reduced if water is removed downhole within the well itself. Emissions of greenhouse gases may be reduced by downhole processing as an alternative to fl...
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...peline Group ISBN 978-1-55563-116-1 Get permission for reuse Once oil and gas are located and the well is successfully drilled and completed, the product must be transported to a facility where it can b...m that illustrates the typical, basic "wellhead to sales" concept. The typical system begins at the well flow-control device on the producing "wing(s)" of the wellhead tree and includes the ...well "flowline," production/treating/storage equipment, custody-transfer measurement equipment, and the ...
Once oil and gas are located and the well is successfully drilled and completed, the product must be transported to a facility where it can be produced/treated, stored, processed, refined, or transferred for eventual sale. Figure 1.1 is a simplified diagram that illustrates the typical, basic "wellhead to sales" concept. The typical system begins at the well flow-control device on the producing "wing(s)" of the wellhead tree and includes the well "flowline," production/treating/storage equipment, custody-transfer measurement equipment, and the gathering or sales pipeline. Information and detailed discussions concerning petroleum production, treating, storage, and measurement equipment are located in various chapters of this Handbook. The piping and pipeline systems typically associated with producing wells include, but are not limited to, the well flowline, interconnecting equipment piping within the production "battery," the gathering or sales pipeline, and the transmission pipeline. A brief description of the associated piping/pipeline systems is given next. The well flowline, or simply flowline, is the first "pipeline" system connected to the wellhead. The flowline carries total produced fluids (e.g., oil, gas, and production water) from the well to the first piece of production equipment--typically a production separator. The flowline may carry the well-production fluids to a common production battery, a gathering pipeline system, process facility, or other. Interconnecting piping includes the piping between the various pieces of production/treating equipment such as production separators, line heaters, oil heaters, pump units, storage tanks, and gas dehydrators. The piping systems may also include headers, fuel systems, other utility piping, and pressure-relief/flare systems. The pipe that delivers the well production to some intermediate or terminal location is the gathering or sales pipeline. The gathering pipeline literally "gathers" the production from producing wells and conveys the production to a collection system, a processing facility, custody-transfer (sales) point, or other. The transmission pipeline is a "cross-country" pipeline that is specifically designed to transport petroleum products long distances.
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Piping design and simulation (1.00)
- Facilities Design, Construction and Operation > Pipelines, Flowlines and Risers > Materials and corrosion (1.00)
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...– A Case Study Leading to Improved Technical Assurance While Reducing Time Requirements and Cost in Onshore Drilling Operations." Paper presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Confere...nald, Cody, Cully, Rick, Franklin, Mark, and Donald Flenoy. "Pilot Program for Digitally Validating Well Barrier ...Integrity During Inflow Testing." Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Hous...
To record the pressures while conducting BOP test, an analog circular pressure chart recorders (a 135-year-old technology, patent Bristol, W.H., 1888, US Patent 389,635) have been widely utilized. A test's pass/fail determination relied on human interpretation of the analog data plotted by the circular chart recorder. Reports of the tests were generated by hand.
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...duction. When combined with relatively mature subsea production technologies (see subsea chapter on well systems, manifold, pipeline, power and control umbilical, and so on), it can reduce development cos...drop through the formation, wellbore, tubing (friction and static head), tree, flowline, and so on] well productivity for normally pressured reservoirs tends to be low, and the "tieback" distance is typic... Most of these technologies either are being, or have been, deployed in some form. Subsea wells are well accepted and commonly used. Subsea processing technologies are beginning to be employed with the ad...
Introduction As easily accessible petroleum basins have matured, exploration and development have expanded farther offshore and to remote areas. New development challenges are in deep water and in marginal fields with smaller reserves. The facilities required in these new developments are similar in function to conventional processing facilities, but the packaging requirements can be quite different. Process facilities can now be placed literally anywhere between the reservoir and the product pipeline, including subsea and downhole. Obviously, minimizing surface equipment size and weight reduces costs for deepwater platforms. In addition, the trend of tying smaller fields to a larger processing facility, in a hub-and-spoke arrangement, has led to novel production approaches. Oil/water or liquid/gas can be partially separated closer to the reservoir to reduce the size of surface equipment, eliminate or reduce the size of flowlines, or to facilitate pumping.
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