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Search Petrowiki: Well integrity thermal
...uid temperatures can change on the order of 100 F or more in a matter of minutes during flow in the well include: * Drilling * Cementing * Fracturing * Production startup Fully transient ...thermal response should be modeled in the flowing stream, the wellbore assembly, and the formation. The mod... * Inlet temperature and pressure * Fluid type * Flow direction Fluid differences Oil and gas well operations involve fluids of many different types. The heat transfer characteristics and temperatur...
While many fluid mechanics applications can be done as hand calculations, more complex problems, especially involving temperature changes, require a hydraulic simulator. To address the wellbore operations of interest, a wellbore simulator should have a wide range of capabilities. Many applications for operational design involve highly transient behavior where temperatures are changing rapidly. Fully transient thermal response should be modeled in the flowing stream, the wellbore assembly, and the formation. Oil and gas well operations involve fluids of many different types.
- Reservoir Description and Dynamics > Reservoir Simulation (0.90)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (0.74)
- Well Drilling > Well Planning (0.61)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
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...ure loading. Burst pressure loading conditions occur duringwell control operations, casing pressure integrity tests, pumping operations, and production operations. The MIYP of the pipe body is determined by th...ted to collapse. Such conditions may exist during cementing operations, trapped fluid expansion, or well evacuation. Collapse strength is primarily a function of the material'syield strength and its slend...ed because of production. The temperature increase, in the uncemented portion of the casing, causes thermal growth, which can result in significant increases in compression and buckling. The increase in inte...
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
...ile sand can be a problem for most downhole equipment, it can compromise the ability of intelligent well equipment to do its job. Erosion of choke elements, seal surfaces, control lines, and interference ...ed-and-true techniques such as gravel packs. But combining sand-control technology with intelligent-well technology can be a significant challenge, particularly when producing fluid from multiple, unconso...igent wells The challenge to the completions industry is how to effectively integrate intelligent-well technologies with modern sand-control strategies. The following issues must be considered when usin...
The challenge of applying downhole flow control to poorly consolidated, high-permeability, high-productivity, clastic reservoirs is their propensity to produce significant amounts of formation solids. While sand can be a problem for most downhole equipment, it can compromise the ability of intelligent well equipment to do its job. Erosion of choke elements, seal surfaces, control lines, and interference with device movement can render the intelligent completion inoperable, thus losing its functionality and the ability of the operator to use the equipment to realize its long-term value. Sand-control techniques have been applied in these environments with varying degrees of success, and it is safe to say that a properly conceived and executed sand-control strategy can be very effective in reducing or eliminating solid production without unduly restricting productivity. New techniques, such as expandable screens, have been added to tried-and-true techniques such as gravel packs.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.41)
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...: * Deformation * Physical wear * Corrosion Preventing such failures is critical to maintaining well production. Contents * 1 Casing inspection logs * 1.1 Cased-hole calipers * 1.2 Flux-leakage t... pressure to avoid this. The tool also indicates which finger is the one on the highest side of the well. Moreover, fingers can be grouped azimuthally. All these data can be combined with the measurements...D picture of the casing, including cross-sectional distortions and changes in the trajectory of the well axis as small as 0.01 . The data can be either transmitted to the surface where the tool is run on ...
Preventing such failures is critical to maintaining well production. Echo amplitude and travel time provide images of the condition of the inside casing surface (e.g., buildup, defects, and roughness such as pitting and gouges) (Figure 1), and travel-time and resonant-frequency analysis provide casing thickness (Figure 1). Holes in the casing are visible in the series of ultrasonic images that are based on amplitude (left) and corrected travel time (right). The center 3D images show the pipe in 90 quadrants. The image shading is generated from the amplitude data[4] (courtesy of SPE). In this example, casing radius and shape are presented as log curves and image maps and deformed casing is easily identified (courtesy of Baker Atlas).
- Geophysics > Borehole Geophysics (1.00)
- Geophysics > Seismic Surveying > Borehole Seismic Surveying (0.34)
...3.4.2 Polyacrylates * 3.4.3 Phosphonates * 3.4.4 Polyphosphates * 3.5 Selection methods * 3.5.1 Thermal stability test * 3.5.2 Dynamic scale inhibition test * 3.6 Chemical effect mechanisms * 3.6.1 Se...sition, it is thermally stable to a relatively high temperature and can be used to control scale as well as suspended material. Phosphonates These organic phosphorous compounds have been used for contr...re used for controlling hardness and iron scales. They are very effective chemicals; however, their thermal stabilities are lower than the phosphonates. Selection methods Depending upon the application, v...
Chemicals play an important role in the oil producing operation. They assist oil/water/gas separation, aid in fluid transport, protect treating equipment, and improve the quality of the gas, oil, and water. A wide range of chemicals is available for water treating. A chemical-injection package enables various types of chemicals to be dosed into the water stream to optimize the treatment process. Storage-tank capacity is designed to allow the plant to run for several days between refills. General dosing rates and injection points for the main chemical classes are listed inTable 1. These rates provide guidelines for sizing injection pumps and chemical-storage tanks.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (0.69)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology > Corrosion inhibition and management (including H2S and CO2) (1.00)
- Health, Safety, Environment & Sustainability (1.00)
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- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
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...c, liability, safety, government regulations, and other requirements imposed during the life of the well will be met. Zonal isolation is not directly related to production; however, this necessary task mu...d effectively to allow production or stimulation operations to be conducted. Thus, the success of a well depends on this primary operation. In addition to isolating oil-, gas-, and water-producing zones, ...rilling, primary cementing, and completion operations. The need for remedial cementing to restore a well ' s operation indicates that primary operational planning and execution were ineffective, resulting...
Remedial cementing requires as much technical, engineering, and operational experience, as primary cementing but is often done when wellbore conditions are unknown or out of control, and when wasted rig time and escalating costs force poor decisions and high risk. Squeeze cementing is a "correction" process that is usually only necessary to correct a problem in the wellbore. Before using a squeeze application, a series of decisions must be made to determine (1) if a problem exists, (2) the magnitude of the problem, (3) if squeeze cementing will correct it, (4) the risk factors present, and (5) if economics will support it. Most squeeze applications are unnecessary because they result from poor primary-cement-job evaluations or job diagnostics. Squeeze cementing is a dehydration process. A cement slurry is prepared and pumped down a wellbore to the problem area or squeeze target. The area is isolated, and pressure is applied from the surface to effectively force the slurry into all voids. The slurry is designed specifically to fill the type of void in the wellbore, whether it is a small crack or micro-annuli, casing split or large vug, formation rock or another kind of cavity. Thus, the slurry design and rate of dehydration or fluid loss designed into the slurry is critical, and a poor design may not provide a complete fill and seal of the voids.
- North America > United States > Texas (0.93)
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- Geology > Mineral > Sulfate (0.69)
- Geology > Geological Subdiscipline (0.67)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Clastic Rock (0.46)
- Geology > Rock Type > Sedimentary Rock > Organic-Rich Rock > Coal (0.45)
- Materials > Chemicals > Commodity Chemicals > Petrochemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
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...formance of various drilling fluids for the variety of operations used in drilling and completing a well. Drilling fluids range from relatively incompressible fluids, such as water and brines, to very co...eeded. The usual assumption used in wellbore calculations is that density, velocity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are constant and equal to entrance conditions through the increment, and that pressure... ...(7) Cp heat capacity at constant pressure, J/kg-K. β coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/K T absolute temperature, K. At area changes, the following relation holds ...
The three primary functions of a drilling fluid depend on the flow of drilling fluids and the pressures associated with that flow. These functions includes: The transport of cuttings out of the wellbore, prevention of fluid influx, and the maintenance of wellbore stability. If the wellbore pressure exceeds the fracture pressure, fluids will be lost to the formation. If the wellbore pressure falls below the pore pressure, fluids will flow into the wellbore, perhaps causing a blowout. It is clear that accurate wellbore pressure prediction is necessary. To properly engineer a drilling fluid system, it is necessary to be able to predict pressures and flows of fluids in the wellbore.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
...not true emulsions. In a true emulsion, either the drop size must be small enough that forces from thermal collisions with molecules of the continuous phase produce Brownian motion that prevents settling, o...ons Excluding all water from the oil while the oil is produced and/or preventing all agitation of well fluids would prevent emulsion from forming; however, because these both are impossible, or nearly s...rnational). * Fig. 3.2--Relationship of density with temperature for three crude oils.[1] Heating well fluids is expensive. Adding heat can cause a significant loss of the lower-boiling-point hydrocarbo...
Treaters may be fitted with a power supply that has a voltage controller. The controller combines a 35% reactance transformer with an electronic device that senses the load being drawn and adjusts the power to the transformer accordingly.[13] The power adjustment is made by silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), which switch the power on and off rapidly so that very short bursts of high power are interspersed with "off" periods. Therefore, the transformer does not exceed its average heat dissipation rating. This allows power to be delivered to the process under upset conditions without compromising the integrity of the power supply.
- North America > United States > Texas (1.00)
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- Water & Waste Management > Water Management > Lifecycle > Treatment (1.00)
- Materials > Chemicals (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Downstream (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid management & disposal (1.00)
- Well Completion > Well Integrity > Subsurface corrosion (tubing, casing, completion equipment, conductor) (1.00)
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- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
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...s. 317-394 ISBN 978-1-55563-116-1 Get permission for reuse Once oil and gas are located and the well is successfully drilled and completed, the product must be transported to a facility where it can b...m that illustrates the typical, basic "wellhead to sales" concept. The typical system begins at the well flow-control device on the producing "wing(s)" of the wellhead tree and includes the ...well "flowline," production/treating/storage equipment, custody-transfer measurement equipment, and the ...
Once oil and gas are located and the well is successfully drilled and completed, the product must be transported to a facility where it can be produced/treated, stored, processed, refined, or transferred for eventual sale.Figure 1.1 is a simplified diagram that illustrates the typical, basic "wellhead to sales" concept. The typical system begins at the well flow-control device on the producing "wing(s)" of the wellhead tree and includes the well "flowline," production/treating/storage equipment, custody-transfer measurement equipment, and the gathering or sales pipeline. Information and detailed discussions concerning petroleum production, treating, storage, and measurement equipment are located in various chapters of thisHandbook. The piping and pipeline systems typically associated with producing wells include, but are not limited to, the well flowline, interconnecting equipment piping within the production "battery," the gathering or sales pipeline, and the transmission pipeline.
- Energy > Oil & Gas > Upstream (1.00)
- Government > Regional Government > North America Government > United States Government (0.92)
...formance of various drilling fluids for the variety of operations used in drilling and completing a well. Contents * 1 Overview * 2 Governing equations * 2.1 Single-phase flow * 3 Static wellbore pr...eeded. The usual assumption used in wellbore calculations is that density, velocity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are constant and equal to entrance conditions through the increment, and that pressure...(7) Cp heat capacity at constant pressure, J/kg-K. β coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/K T absolute temperature, K. At area changes, the following relation holds ...
The three primary functions of a drilling fluid depend on the flow of drilling fluids and the pressures associated with that flow. These functions includes: The transport of cuttings out of the wellbore, prevention of fluid influx, and the maintenance of wellbore stability. If the wellbore pressure exceeds the fracture pressure, fluids will be lost to the formation. If the wellbore pressure falls below the pore pressure, fluids will flow into the wellbore, perhaps causing a blowout. It is clear that accurate wellbore pressure prediction is necessary. To properly engineer a drilling fluid system, it is necessary to be able to predict pressures and flows of fluids in the wellbore.
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) (1.00)
- Production and Well Operations > Well & Reservoir Surveillance and Monitoring > Production logging (1.00)
- Well Drilling > Drilling Fluids and Materials > Drilling fluid management & disposal (0.70)
- Well Drilling > Wellbore Design > Wellbore integrity (0.68)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)