Layer | Fill | Outline |
---|
Map layers
Theme | Visible | Selectable | Appearance | Zoom Range (now: 0) |
---|
Fill | Stroke |
---|---|
Collaborating Authors
Search Petrowiki: Frequency-wavelength relations for free space
...Frequency-wavelength relations for ...free space Frequency-wavelength relations for ...free space Contents * 1 Band Name * 2 References * 3 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro * 4 External links *...
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
...ering judgment. SPE disclaims any and all liability for your use of such content. More information Frequency-wavelength relations for ...
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.87)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.87)
...cipate and address. Contents * 1 Basics * 1.1 The vector wave equation for exp(jwt) excitation, space independent(σ, ε, μM), no diffusion currents, and ρC 0. * 1.2 Rectangular coordinates: plane wave ... from the surface to the reservoir. Back to top The vector wave equation for exp(jwt) excitation, space independent(σ, ε, μM), no diffusion currents, and ρC 0. Proper knowledge of the issues involved i...constants defined by the boundary conditions of the problem. Thus, the solutions for propagation in free space along the positive z-axis (σ 0, ε ε0 8.854 10–12 farads/m, the permittivity of vacuum, μM ...
Transmitting electrical current to the subsurface can create special considerations. Successful application of electromagnetic heating often requires a multi-disciplinary approach combining electric engineering and petroleum engineering. To assist petroleum engineers considering this approach, this article identifies some of the issues that an electrical engineer might normally anticipate and address. In most practical situations, we are concerned with fields that vary periodically in time (the sinusoidal steady state generally). In these cases the electrical phenomena are properly described by Maxwell equations in terms of complex vector field intensities of electric and magnetic fields (E and H); complex vector field electric, magnetic, and current densities (D,B,J); complex charge concentrations (ρc); and complex material parameters: conductivity, permittivity, and permeability (σ, ε, μM).
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
...icates the region where electromagnetic power is located). In (a), the energy is transmitted in the space between the casing and the production tubing, while in (b), the energy propagates along the wavegui... inserted electrode arrays play the role of capacitor plates, restricting most of the fields to the space between them. Fig. 12.10--Possible arrangements for distributed resistance heating of wells with e...1D) conductive heat transfer problems in the presence of radiated power exponentially decreasing in space. [49] In the mid-1990s, Callarotti published the application of circuital modeling to the transient...
Heating strongly affects the viscosity of the oil in the reservoir porous media and in the wells. The heating effect in the porous media of the reservoirs is simply represented by Darcy's law with a temperature-dependent viscosity, μ(T). The effect of the heating in a well (along the z direction), is represented by a temperature dependent viscosity used in the Hagen-Poiseville law. As in many other applications of electrical heating and in the case of well and reservoir heating, there is a wide range of available frequencies in the electrical spectrum, which can be used in diverse heating schemes. At the low-frequency (LF) end, energy is supplied directly from the 60 Hz distribution grid.[5] Induction heating requires higher frequencies in the radio frequency (RF) range of 103 to 105 Hz, while heating is also possible at frequencies in the microwave (MW) range (MW 109 to 3 1010 Hz). Microwave heating has been widely used industrially in the past, but its application to reservoir heating is not widespread, although it has been receiving more attention lately. In this range of frequencies, the process is commonly defined as electrical heating and the parameters used are voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and inductance.
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)
...(12.1) where fluid velocity, k effective permeability, and the space- and time-dependent pressure. The effect of the heating in a well (along the z direction), is repr...e structures shown onFig. 12.5 . In the first arrangement (a), energy is transmitted in the annular space between the casing and the production tubing in the form of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves...icates the region where electromagnetic power is located). In (a), the energy is transmitted in the space between the casing and the production tubing, while in (b), the energy propagates along the wavegui...
The electromagnetic heating of oil wells and reservoirs refers to thermal processes for the improved production of oil from underground reservoirs. The source of the heat, generated either in the wells or in the volume of the reservoir, is the electrical energy supplied from the surface. This energy is then transmitted to the reservoir either by cables or through metal structures that reach the reservoir. The main effect, because of the electrical heating systems used in practice in enhanced oil recovery, has been the reduction of the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crudes and bitumens, with the corresponding increase in production. This chapter mainly considers those systems (and the models that describe their effects) that have been used for the electromagnetic heating in the production of extra heavy petroleum and bitumen. The importance of these hydrocarbons is because of the size of the heavy oil reserves in Canada, Venezuela, countries of the former U.S.S.R., the U.S.A., and China.[1]
- South America > Venezuela (1.00)
- Europe (1.00)
- North America > United States > Massachusetts (0.46)
- (3 more...)
- South America > Venezuela > Zulia > Maracaibo Basin > Tia Juana Field (0.99)
- South America > Venezuela > Jobo Field (0.99)
- Asia > China > Tianjin > Bohai Basin > Huanghua Basin > Dagang Field (0.99)
- Information Technology > Knowledge Management (0.40)
- Information Technology > Communications > Collaboration (0.40)