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Search Petrowiki: Oil emulsions
...Oil emulsions An emulsion is a dispersion (droplets) of one liquid in another immiscible liquid. The phase that... which the droplets are suspended is called the continuous or external phase. For produced oilfield emulsions, one of the liquids is aqueous and the other is crude ...oil. The amount of water that emulsifies with crude ...
An emulsion is a dispersion (droplets) of one liquid in another immiscible liquid. The phase that is present in the form of droplets is the dispersed or internal phase, and the phase in which the droplets are suspended is called the continuous or external phase. For produced oilfield emulsions, one of the liquids is aqueous and the other is crude oil. The amount of water that emulsifies with crude oil varies widely from facility to facility. It can be less than 1% and sometimes greater than 80%. Crude oil is seldom produced alone because it generally is commingled with water.
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...PEH:Crude Oil Emulsions Publication Information Petroleum Engineering Handbook Larry W. Lake, Editor-in-Chief Volu...ring John R. Fanchi, Editor Copyright 2007, Society of Petroleum Engineers Chapter 12 โ Crude Oil Emulsions Sunil L. Kokal, Saudi Aramco Pgs. 533-570 ISBN 978-1-55563-108-6 Get permission for reuse ... Contents * 1 Introduction * 1.1 Definition * 1.2 Types of Emulsions * 1.3 Formation of ...
Crude oil is seldom produced alone because it generally is commingled with water. The water creates several problems and usually increases the unit cost of oil production. The produced water must be separated from the oil, treated, and disposed of properly. All these steps increase costs. Furthermore, sellable crude oil must comply with certain product specifications, including the amount of basic sediment and water (BS&W) and salt, which means that the produced water must be separated from the oil to meet crude specifications.
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...Stability of oil emulsions From a purely thermodynamic point of view, an emulsion is an unstable system because there is a n...ystem to separate and reduce its interfacial area and, hence, its interfacial energy. However, most emulsions demonstrate kinetic stability (i.e., they are stable over a period of time). Produced oilfield ...emulsions are classified on the basis of their degree of kinetic stability. * Loose ...
From a purely thermodynamic point of view, an emulsion is an unstable system because there is a natural tendency for a liquid/liquid system to separate and reduce its interfacial area and, hence, its interfacial energy. However, most emulsions demonstrate kinetic stability (i.e., they are stable over a period of time). Produced oilfield emulsions are classified on the basis of their degree of kinetic stability. Resins * 2.2 Solids * 2.3 Temperature * 2.4 Droplet size * 2.5 pH * 2.6 Brine composition * 3 Stability measurement * 4 References * 5 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro * 6 External links * 7 See also Water-in-oil emulsions are considered to be special liquid-in-liquid colloidal dispersions. Their kinetic stability is a consequence of small droplet size and the presence of an interfacial film around water droplets and is caused by stabilizing agents (or emulsifiers). These stabilizers suppress the mechanisms involved that would otherwise break down an emulsion. Sedimentation is the falling of water droplets from an emulsion because of the density difference between the oil and water. Aggregation or flocculation is the grouping together of water droplets in an emulsion without a change in surface area.
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...Heating oil emulsions Using heat to treat crude ...oil emulsions has four basic benefits; It reduces viscosity, increases droplets, dissolves paraffin crystals, and... increases density between oil and water. Contents * 1 Heat reduces the viscosity of the ...
Using heat to treat crude oil emulsions has four basic benefits; It reduces viscosity, increases droplets, dissolves paraffin crystals, and increases density between oil and water. Which allows the water droplets to collide with greater force and to settle more rapidly. The chart inFigure 1 can be used to estimate crude-oil viscosity/temperature relationships. Crude-oil viscosities vary widely, and the curves on this chart should be used only in the absence of specific data. If a crude oil's viscosity is known at two temperatures, it can be approximated at other temperatures by drawing a straight line along those temperature/viscosity points on the chart.
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...neering John R. Fanchi, Editor Copyright 2007, Society of Petroleum Engineers Chapter 12 โ Crude Oil Emulsions Sunil L. Kokal, Saudi Aramco ISBN 978-1-55563-108-6 Get permission for reuse Crude ...oil is seldom produced alone because it generally is commingled with water. The water creates several p...roblems and usually increases the unit cost of oil production. The produced water must be separated from the ...
Crude oil is seldom produced alone because it generally is commingled with water. The water creates several problems and usually increases the unit cost of oil production. The produced water must be separated from the oil, treated, and disposed of properly. All these steps increase costs. Furthermore, sellable crude oil must comply with certain product specifications, including the amount of basic sediment and water (BS&W) and salt, which means that the produced water must be separated from the oil to meet crude specifications. Produced water may be produced as "free" water (i.e., water that will settle out fairly rapidly), and it may be produced in the form of an emulsion. A regular oilfield emulsion is a dispersion of water droplets in oil. Emulsions can be difficult to treat and may cause several operational problems in wet-crude handling facilities and gas/oil separating plants.
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...Separating emulsions A mixture of ...oil and water which is stable and cannot be separated by gravity settling alone. Separation requires fa...ctors other than gravity. Emulsions are formed by two immiscible liquids, emulsifying agent which is used as a stabilizer and agitation...
A mixture of oil and water which is stable and cannot be separated by gravity settling alone. Separation requires factors other than gravity. Emulsions are formed by two immiscible liquids, emulsifying agent which is used as a stabilizer and agitation for converting from discontinuous phase to continuous phase[1]. Nature, amount of emulsifying agent and degree of agitation determine the stability of the emulsions. Unstable emulsions can be separated into water and oil over an extended period of time.
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...Sampling and analyzing emulsions Samples of an ...oil emulsion may be required for several reasons, including crude specification verification, performan...ing. Neither should the sample be withdrawn from the top of the vessel because it primarily will be oil. The best position in the pipe to take an emulsion sample is on the side, preferably with a quill. ...
Samples of an oil emulsion may be required for several reasons, including crude specification verification, performance evaluation of the emulsion treating system, or simply, laboratory testing. Invariably, the emulsion to be sampled is under pressure, and special procedures must be used to obtain representative samples. For crude specification testing, it is not important to maintain the integrity of the water droplets; however, the sample location point may be critical. In general, samples should not be withdrawn from the bottom of the pipe or vessel. Free water may be present and accumulate at the bottom of the pipe or vessel, affecting the basic sediment and water (BS&W) reading. Neither should the sample be withdrawn from the top of the vessel because it primarily will be oil.
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...Economics of treating emulsions The objective of operating ...oil producing properties is consistently to deliver the maximum volume of highest API gravity ...oil to the pipeline at the lowest possible cost. ...
The objective of operating oil producing properties is consistently to deliver the maximum volume of highest API gravity oil to the pipeline at the lowest possible cost. Emulsions should be prevented wherever feasible and, when unpreventable, should be treated at the lowest cost. Eliminate production of water with oil where possible and practical. The emulsion treating system should be as small as possible, yet capable of adequately handling treating requirements on the lease. Such future needs may be anticipated when purchasing treating equipment; however, a needlessly oversized system incurs unnecessary expense and accomplishes nothing more than a properly sized system does.
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...Oil demulsification Demulsification is the breaking of a crude ...oil emulsion into ...oil and water phases. From a process point of view, the ...
Demulsification is the breaking of a crude oil emulsion into oil and water phases. A fast rate of separation, a low value of residual water in the crude oil, and a low value of oil in the disposal water are obviously desirable. Produced oil generally has to meet company and pipeline specifications. For example, the oil shipped from wet-crude handling facilities must not contain more than 0.2% basic sediment and water (BS&W) and 10 pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil. This standard depends on company and pipeline specifications. The salt is insoluble in oil and associated with residual water in the treated crude. Low BS&W and salt content is required to reduce corrosion and deposition of salts. The primary concern in refineries is to remove inorganic salts from the crude oil before they cause corrosion or other detrimental effects in refinery equipment. The salts are removed by washing or desalting the crude oil with relatively fresh water. When injection is not recommended * 3.4.5 Oilfield emulsions possess some kinetic stability. This stability arises from the formation of interfacial films that encapsulate the water droplets.
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...Oil emulsion prevention ...Emulsions are always a drain on the operating budget. It is almost impossible to eliminate ...emulsions during crude production; however, emulsion problems can be reduced and optimized by following good ...
Emulsions are always a drain on the operating budget. It is almost impossible to eliminate emulsions during crude production; however, emulsion problems can be reduced and optimized by following good operating practices. The following points should be included in operating practices. Fine solids stabilize emulsions, and efforts should be made to reduce solid contaminants during production. These solids include asphaltenes, which can be controlled by effective asphaltene management, dispersants, etc.; scales, which should be reduced by scale inhibitors; and waxes, which should be controlled with pour-point depressants or heating.
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